b4 - social factors that affect development

Question 1

benefits of being part of a family group

Answer 1

• forming first emotional relationships and attachment
• providing first experiences of social interaction
• influencing view of what is expected in social settings, and what is normal
• providing setting that meets physical needs for protection, food, shelter and warmth
• supporting each other emotionally and protecting family members from stress
• helping each other financially or practically

Question 2

family dysfunction

Answer 2

• some families unable to conform to social norms expected, prevents them from performing expected functions
• a dysfunctional family is one that does not provide any or all of the benefits needed
• may become dysfunctional due to stress, health problems, poor housing, low income, poor parenting skills etc.
• stressful family environments may disadvantage children and it may be hard for them to develop self-confidence

Question 3

parental divorce or separation

Answer 3

• increase in divorce and separation has been linked with consequences or children’s growth and development
• children may experience problems that may affect self-esteem and confidence, leading to emotional distress, moodiness and depression
• may lack resilience, leading to greater reliance and influence from peers, which can lead to risky behaviours

Question 4

sibling rivalry

Answer 4

• in his SLT, bandura explored impact of role modelling and imitating behaviour
• constant exposure to high levels of family conflict can lead to children becoming aggressive and displaying bullying towards others
• rosenthal and doherty suggested that children who are in rivalry with siblings have often been bullied by their carers, so could be gaining control and power
• parents or carers may also be responsible for encouraging competition and conflict between siblings

Question 5

parenting styles

Answer 5

authoritative - parents not very strict, children bought up to resect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries, children often resilient and conform easily to social norms

authoritarian - parents have high expectations, often will overwhelm children with rules, children often rebellious and may become problematic

permissive - parents make few demands, may be reluctant to implement rules, children often lac self-control as have no set boundaries or respect for personal space, may experience later problems with managing relationships and responsibilites

• some parents unaware of the power they hold over children
• piaget and erikson believed that family dysfunction was a result of a lack of education and inadequate role modelling
• leads to parenting style that is detrimental to child’s growth and development
• some parents lack emotional intelligence and skills required to raise children to be resilient and prepared
• parents with mental health issues may find it difficult to meet all the needs of their children, can sometimes result in neglect and abuse

Question 6

effects of bullying on self-esteem

Answer 6

• can undermine self-esteem and lead to stress, depression and anxiety
• people may be bullied for many reasons such as religion, race or belonging to a particular group, can take many different forms
• can have long term effects of self-esteem that can last into adulthood
• department for education provides advice and guidance to educational settings about how to deal with this behaviour
• all state schools must have a behaviour policy that includes measures to prevent bullying

Question 7

self-harm

Answer 7

• bullying may lead to a child feeling unsafe, lonely and losing self-confidence
• may become self-critical and start to believe that what is said about them is true or that it is their fault
• for some people, self-harm is a way of releasing feelings of guilt, loathing, distress and emotional pain
• self-harmers often hide it, and some people may experience such extreme anxiety and depression that it may lead to suicidal thoughts or suicide

Question 8

culture, religion and beliefs - medical intervention

Answer 8

• most faith groups emphasise the important of a prayer as part of the healing process and that it complement medical care
• some groups believe that certain medical procedures should not be allowed and may reject medical intervention
• jehovah’s witnesses believe that blood transfusions must not be accepted, doctors may have to take legal proceedings to e sure that a child receives a life-saving transfusion
• some cultures don’t believe in medical intervention and use their own remedies, which can cause problems if medication is required as it may clash with the remedies

Question 9

culture, religion and beliefs - dietary restrictions

Answer 9

• most common dietary differences are vegetarianism, halal and kosher diets
• faith-based dietary practice includes how it is prepared and served
• it is important that a balanced diet is still followed to reduce the impact on health and development
• there are health risk of low cholesterol, nutritional deficiencies etc.