B4 - Organising Animals And Plants

Question 1

What does the circulatory system transport

Answer 1

Respiratory gases

Question 2

Blood high in oxygen is known as

Answer 2

Oxygenated

Question 3

Blood low in oxygen is known as

Answer 3

Deoxygenated

Question 4

Section of the right side of the system including right side of heart deals with

Answer 4

Deoxygenated blood

Question 5

Section of of the system including left side of heart deals with

Answer 5

Oxygenated blood

Question 6

What is blood

Answer 6

Blood is a unique tissue based on a liquid called plasma

Question 7

Red blood cells

Answer 7

Picks up oxygen from air in lungs and carries it to cells needed. Packed with red pigment called haemoglobin and these bind to oxygen. Biconcave disks, no nucleus for more space for haemoglobin.

Question 8

White blood cells

Answer 8

Bigger than red blood cells. Fewer of them. Part of body’s defence system against harmful microorganisms. Some form antitoxins against poisons made by microorganisms. Others engulf and digest invading bacteria and viruses. Has a nucleus.

Question 9

Platelets

Answer 9

Small fragments of cells. Helps blood clot at wounds. Has no nucleus.

Question 10

Veins

Answer 10

Relatively thin walls, large lumen (hole in centre) and often has valves.

Veins carry away deoxygenated blood away from organs towards heart.

Blood is low in oxygen so vein are a deep purple-red colour. Veins do not have a pulse. Thinner walls than arteries and often have valves to prevent back flow of blood.

Question 11

Arteries

Answer 11

Thick walls made of muscle and elastic fibres, small lumen (hole)

Carries bright red oxygenated blood from heart to organs. Arteries stretch as the blood is forced through them and then go back into shape. You can feel this as a pulse. As the blood is under high pressure, it is very dangerous if an artery is cut because the blood will spurt out every time the heart beats.

Question 12

The heart

Answer 12

Aorta, vena cava, semilunar valves, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle

Has 4 chambers

Question 13

Statins

Answer 13

Medicine which lowers cholesterol in one’s blood. This reduces the risk of vessel-related diseases. Could cause type 2 diabetes or higher blood sugar levels.

Question 14

Stents

Answer 14

Tiny tube inserted into blocked passageway to help keep it open (in ducts, canals, blood vessel). Restores flow of blood ans other fluids. Effective for long time. Risk of developing blood clot near stent. Could damage artery.

Question 15

Artificial pacemakers

Answer 15

Corrects problems with heart rate. Send electrical signals to heart to stimulate it to beat correctly. Very long-lasting. Infection could happen after surgery. Won’t treat heart diseases.

Question 16

Artificial hearts

Answer 16

Temporary heart that supports a natural heart before it can be replaced. Helps people live a normal life while waiting for transplant. Risk of blood clotting - death. Very expensive.

Question 17

Mechanical valves

Answer 17

Mechanical valves made of durable materials like titanium and polymers. Lasts a lifetime. However, patient needs to take blood thinning medicine forever to stop blood clotting around them. Good option for younger people.

Question 18

Biological valves

Answer 18

Valves taken from animals or human donors. No medication required. Good for older people. Only lasts 12-15 years so every so often, surgery is required.

Question 19

Closed double system

Answer 19

Blood stays in blood vessels and flows through heart on each complete circuit of the body.

Question 20

Mesophyll tissue

Answer 20

Located between epidermal layers. Carries out photosynthesis as it contains chloroplasts and gas exchange takes place.

Question 21

Epidermal tissues

Answer 21

Cover the surfaces of the leaf and protect them. Secretes a waxy substance that makes leaves waterproof.

Question 22

Palisade mesophyll

Answer 22

Contains lots of chloroplasts, which carries out photosynthesis.

Question 23

Spongy mesophyll

Answer 23

Contains some chloroplasts and also has big spaces ans large surface area to makes diffusion of gases easier.

Question 24

Phloem

Answer 24

Transports sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to rest of the plant. This movement is called translocation. Phloem cells are alive.

Question 25

Xylem

Answer 25

Transports water and mineral ions from soil to around the plant. This movement is called transpiration. Mature xylem cells are dead.

Question 26

Guard cells

Answer 26

Size of stomata controlled by guard cells. Controls carbon dioxide going into leaf and water vapour and oxygen leaving it.

Question 27

Transpiration in leaves

Answer 27

When stomata are open, water vapour is lost through them. This is called transpiration.

Question 28

Transpiration stream

Answer 28

As water evaporates, more water is pulled up through xylem to take its place. The movement of water through the xylem is called the transpiration stream. Driven by evaporation of water from leaves so anything affecting rate of evaporation will also affect transpiration.

Question 29

Factors that affect transpiration

Answer 29

Temperature, humidity, air flow, light intensity.

Transpiration is more rapid in hot, dry, windy, or bright conditions.