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Biology > B4-Organising Animals and Plants > Flashcards

B4-Organising Animals and Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

what does phloem transport

A

Phloem transports dissolved sugars to storage organs, where it provides an energy store for the winter

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2
Q

define translocation

A

Translocation = movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant

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3
Q

what do Aphids feed from

A

Aphids feed from phloem and suck its sugary fluids out

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4
Q

what does Xylem transport

A

Xylem tissue transports water and mineral ions

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5
Q

what are mineral ions used for

A

Mineral ions are used for the production of proteins and other molecules within cells

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6
Q

what are the guard cells

A

Guard cells = cells on either side of the stomata (holes on the underside of a leaf), that opens and closes the stomata by changing its shape

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7
Q

what is transpiration

A

Transpiration = when water vapour diffuses out of the air spaces in the leaf, through the stomata into the atmosphere

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8
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

Transpiration stream = the constant movement of water being pulled up through the xylem to replace the water vapour lost

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9
Q

why does transpiration occur

A

Transpiration occurs due to the evaporation of water in the leaves, SO the factors that affect evaporation are also going to affect transpiration

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10
Q

what does the blood do

A

Blood is a connective tissue that transports substances around the body

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11
Q

why is blood needed to transport substances around the body

A

Organisms that have a small SA:V require specialised transport systems

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12
Q

what is blood based on

A

Blood is based on a yellow liquid called plasma

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13
Q

what is the average amount of blood

A

An average person has 4.7-5L of blood

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14
Q

what does blood transport

A

It transports cells and:
Waste CO2 produced by cells to lungs
Urea formed in the liver from the breakdown of excess protein and is taken to the kidney to form urine
Small soluble products of digestion to cells that need it (glucose, amino acids)

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15
Q

what are adaptations of red blood cells

A

Adaptations of red blood cells:
No nucleus - more space for more haemoglobin to carry more oxygen
Red pigment called haemoglobin which binds to oxygen in a reversible reaction
Biconcave disc - increased SA:V ratio for a higher rate of diffusion

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16
Q

what are phagocytes

A

Phagocytes = engulf and digest invading bacteria and viruses

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17
Q

what is blood clotting

A

Blood clotting = a series of enzyme controlled reactions in converting fibrinogen into fibrin (the thing that is used in blood clots

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18
Q

what size are capillaries

A

Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest blood vessel

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19
Q

what do arteries do

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart TO the body cells

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20
Q

why do arteries pulse

A

Arteries pulse as they carry high pressure blood, so whenever the heart pumps, the artery stretches as the blood goes through, and then returns to its normal shape

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21
Q

how can arteries stretch

A

Arteries have elastic tissue in their walls which allow them to stretch and then return to their shape

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22
Q

what do veins do

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood IN to the heart

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23
Q

what do veins have

A

Veins have valves

24
Q

what do valves do

A

Valves prevent backflow of blood

25
Q

how is blood squeezed back to the heart

A

Blood is squeezed back to the heart by skeletal muscles

26
Q

what kind of lumen do veins hav000e compared to arteries

A

Veins have a larger lumen, and arteries have a more narrow lumen (as they carry higher pressure blood)

27
Q

where does the blood enter the heart from

A

Blood enters the heart through the veins into the atria (pl. atrium = singular)

27
Q

what is the sound of the heartbeat

A

Sound of heartbeat = sound of the valves closing

28
Q

Why is the muscle of the LEFT ventricle a lot thicker than the muscle of the right?

A

The left ventricle is pushing blood through the aorta to the entire rest of the body, whilst the right ventricle is only pushing blood to the lungs. So, the left ventricle needs to push with a lot more force and pressure, so it needs a lot more muscle.

29
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

Coronary Heart Disease = when coronary arteries that supply blood to heart become narrower

29
Q

what are coronary arteries

A

Coronary arteries = blood vessels that take blood to the heart muscle to give it oxygen, glucose etc

30
Q

what is a common cause of CHD

A

Common cause: fatty material building up on the lining of vessels

31
Q

what is a stent

A

Stent = a metal mesh tube placed in the artery
balloon is inflated –> the stent widens with the balloon –> balloon is deflated and removed –> stent holds the blood vessel open –> blood flows freely

32
Q

how can blood clot travel

A

A blood clot can travel in the bloodstream and block a narrower artery down the path, or travel to the brain and cause damage

33
Q

what is the method when stents arent effective

A

For badly blocked arteries that stents cannot open, doctors can do bypass surgery

34
Q

what is bypass surgery

A

Bypass surgery = take veins from other parts of the body and replace the narrow or blocked coronary artery

35
Q

what type of disease is coronary heart disease

A
  • Coronary heart disease is a type of cardiovascular disease
36
Q

what are statins

A

Stains reduce the rate at which fat builds up in coronary arteries

37
Q

what happens if heart valves start to become stiff and what can they be replaced by

A

If the heart valves start to become stiff, and don’t open up properly, the person can become breathless, and eventually die –> not enough blood (oxygen) reaching the cells
These can be replaced with mechanical valves made of titanium and polymers –> lasts a very long time

38
Q

1 disadvantage of mechanical valves

A

you need to take medication for the rest of your life to stop the blood from clotting around it

39
Q

what is an alternative instead of biological valves

A

Biological valves - taken from cows or pigs - very good and don’t require meds, BUT they only 12-15 years

40
Q

what is the resting rate of the heart

A

Resting rhythm of a healthy heart is 70bpm - this is controlled by a natural pacemaker

41
Q

what happens when the pacemaker is faulty and how can it be solved

A

If the pacemaker doesn’t work properly, are heart rhythm can be:
too slow –> person won’t get enough oxygen
too fast –> blood won’t pump properly
This problem can be solved with artificial pacemakers –> an electrical device planted in the chest to correct irregularities of the heart rate

42
Q

what happens when the heart fails

A

When the heart fails, a donor heart or heart lungs must be transplanted

43
Q

where are lungs located?

A

The lungs are located in the ribcage in the thoracic cavity
(chest = thorax, cavity = space)

44
Q

what are the three muscles involved in breathing

A

Three muscles involved in breathing: diaphragm, internal intercostal and external intercostal muscles

45
Q

what is the corelation between pressure and volume

A

As volume increases pressure decreases - they are indirectly proportional

46
Q

how does the process of breathing occur

A

To breathe in:
1.Diaphragm contracts (it flattens)
2. internal intercostal muscles contract - pulls the ribcage up and out
3. external intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm flattening, and internal intercostal muscles pulling the ribcage up and out, BOTH increases the volume in the thoracic cavity

47
Q

how is the sucking effect formed in the lungs?

A

As volume increases, pressure decreases
Pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases below atmospheric pressure
This creates a sucking effect (air moves from high pressure to low)
This is how you breathe in.

48
Q

what does epidermal tissue do

A

Epidermal tissue = covers the surfaces and protects them

49
Q

what does the upper epidermis do

A

The epidermis at the top of the leaf (upper epidermis) secretes a waxy substance that forms a waterproof surface of the leaf

50
Q

what does the palisade mesophyll layer contain

A

Palisade mesophyll tissue = has palisade cells which contain lots of chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis (palisade cells are the cells you draw when asked to draw a ‘plant cell’)

51
Q

what does the spongy mesophyll layer have

A

Spongy mesophyll tissue has some chloroplasts, big air spaces and a large surface area to make diffusion of gases easier (think of it as it is has lots of air spaces which makes this layer spongy)

52
Q

where are xylem and phloem found

A

Xylem and phloem, found in a vascular bundle

53
Q

what can be found in the lower epidermis

A

Biology (4 decks)

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