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Biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

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1
Q

draw the graph from metre to nanometre

A

m–>x1000–>mmx1000–>micrometrex1000–>nm

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2
Q

differences between light and electron microscope
Light-4
electron-6

A

Uses electrons
More expnsive
Higher resolution
Not mobile
Two types:
Scanning EM
Transmission EM
Scanning - 3D images but lower magnification
Transmission = 2D but higher resolution and magnification

Uses light
Cheaper
Lower resolution
Mobile

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3
Q

Definition of resolution

A

Resolution = the ability to distinguish between two points

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4
Q

write microscope formula

A

I=AM
Image Size = Actual Size x Magnification
The unit for I and A MUST be the same when using this equation

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5
Q

draw and label an animal and plant cell

A

check google-lablled animal and plant cell GCSE

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6
Q

function of nucleus

A

Nucleus - controls the chemical reactions in the cell and contains genetic information

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7
Q

cytoplasm’s function

A

Cytoplasm - a jelly-like substance where organelles are suspended in, and the site of chemical reactions in the cell

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8
Q

function of mitochondria

A

Mitochondria - the site of aerobic respiration

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9
Q

function of ribosome

A

Ribosome - the site of protein synthesis

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10
Q

function of cell membrane

A

Cell Membrane - controls what enters and leaves the cell

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11
Q

function of cell wall

A

Cell Wall - made of cellulose. Supports the cell.

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12
Q

function of vacuole

A

Vacuole - Filled with cell sap. Stores water and keeps cell rigid to support the plant

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13
Q

definition of prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryote = (before the nucleus) - the genetic material is NOT enclosed in a nuclear membrane - so the genetic material is loose

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14
Q

definition of eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryote = (true nucleus) - the genetic material in the cell is enclosed in a nuclear membrane

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15
Q

example of prokayotic cells-1

A

bacteria

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16
Q

examples of eukaryotic cells

A

all other type of cells, eg animal cell, plant cell, fungi, protisits

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17
Q

Definition of Plasmoids

A

circular rings of DNA.

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18
Q

Definition of Flagella

A

a long protein strand that lashes around

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19
Q

Definition of Differentiating

A

when a cell changes to gain adaptation that help it carry out its function

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20
Q

Draw a nerve cell diagram

A

Search google for labelled nerve cell diagram

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21
Q

what do nerve cells do?

A

Nerve cells/Neuron carry electrical impulses around the body

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22
Q

what are dendrites and what do they do?

A

Nerve cells/Neuron carry electrical impulses around the body

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23
Q

where is the axon and what does it do?

A

Axon carries the impulse from one place to another

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24
Q

longest axon in the body

A

spine to big toe

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25
Q

function of myelin sheath

A

Myelin sheath for insulation

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26
Q

function of synapses

A

Synapses to pass the impulses to another nerve or muscle using chemical transmitters

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27
Q

function of mitochondria in nerve cell

A

A lot of mitochondria to respire aerobically in order to release energy to be used to make chemicals (neurotransmitters)

28
Q

how do muscle cells work?

A

Muscle cells contract and relax in pairs to move the bones in the skeleton

29
Q

describe the process of peristalsis(digestion of food)

A

Muscle cells in the digestive system contracts to squeeze the food through the gut - peristalsis

30
Q

why do muscle cells have lots of mitochondria

A

many mitochondria to release energy via aerobic respiration to be used in muscle contraction

31
Q

what is glycogen and its function

A

muscle cells can store glycogen - used in respiration by mitochondria - Glycogen is a type of storage for glucose

32
Q

Draw a sperm cell

A

google search- labelled sperm cell GCSE

33
Q

adaptations of a sperm cell
4 points

A

A long tail - helps it swim long distances to the egg to fertilise–
Middle section full of mitochondria - to release energy via aerobic respiration to be used for the tail to move–
Acrosome stores the digestive enzymes which break down the outer layer of the egg–
Large nucleus containing genetic information

34
Q

state function of root hair cell
3 points

A

1)Used to take in water and mineral ions from the soil
2)Root hair cells are located relatively close to the xylem which moves water and mineral ions into the plant
3)Ions, and sometimes water, are taken in via active transport

35
Q

state adaptations of root hair cells

A

1)Root hair - greatly increases SA:V for water to move into cells
2)Vacuole to speed up osmosis of water into the cell
3)Many mitochondria - for lots of aerobic respiration to release lots of energy to be used for active transport

36
Q

what is a photosynthetic cell

A

literally a fancy way of saying plant cell

37
Q

what is the function of photosynthetic cells

A

to carry out the process of photosynthesis to make glucose for the plant

38
Q

name 3 adaptations of root hair cells

A

1)Contains chloroplasts made of chlorophyll - chlorophyll is a green pigment which absorbs light energy to be used in photosynthesis
2)Positioned in continuous layers in leaves and outer layers of stem - absorbs the maximum light energy
3)Large vacuole - keeps cells rigid as a result of osmosis - this supports the stem (gets leaves closer to the source of light - the sun), and helps the leaves remain spread out - this allows it to absorb as much light as possible

39
Q

what is the function of xylem

A

Function: Xylem is a transport tissue in plants for water and mineral ions from roots to shoots, and is important in supporting plants

40
Q

How is xylem formed:

A

Cells that are alive lign up end to end to form a tower. The membranes and cell walls between these cells dissolve, and the cells die, leaving behind a hollow tube. Then, lignin spirals form within the cell wall.

41
Q

name 1 adaptation of xylem

A

Lignin spirals - very strong and helps the xylem withstand the high water pressure. This also helps the xylem support the plant

42
Q

what is the function of phloem

A

Function: carries glucose made by photosynthesis

43
Q

how are phloem cells formed

A

Made of phloem cells that also line up end to end like in xylem, however these don’t die

44
Q

definition of diffusion

A

Diffusion = the net, passive movement of gas/solid particles down a concentration gradient

45
Q

define net movements

A

Net movement = the overall movement. Particles move in both directions, but OVERALL there is movement from one area to another

46
Q
A
46
Q

how does size affect SA:V ratio

A

The bigger an object, the smaller the SA:V ratio - a mouse has a very large SA:V but an elephant has a very small SA:V - this is the reason that elephants’ ears are so big but so thin.

to help remember:
Think of a rich tea biscuit - it has a big circular SA but as it is thin it has a very low volume. So when you dip it in tea, a lot of tea is entering at the same point in time, because of the high surface area. However a shortbread finger is very narrow and also very wide. So it has a lower SA and a higher volume. This means at the same point in time, only a bit of the tea can enter the biscuit at once. Also as it has a high volume, the tea will take a lot longer to travel through the biscuit and soak it through as well.

46
Q

What happens when there is a steeper concentration gradient

A

When there is a steeper concentration gradient (there is a very big difference in concentration between the two areas) diffusion occurs at a higher rate (it happens faster)

46
Q

examples of diffusion

A

O2 and CO2 in gas exchange
glucose diffusing in and out of cells
Urea diffusing from liver cells into blood plasma

47
Q

define Osmosis

A

Osmosis = net, passive movement of water particles down a concentration gradient, through a partially permeable membrane

48
Q

define dilute

A

Dilute = lots of water

49
Q

define concentrated

A

Concentrated = only a little bit of water

50
Q

what is meant by isotonic

A

When the solution is isotonic to the cell, the concentration is equal in both (iso=equal)

51
Q

what is meant by hypertonic

A

When the solutiotn is hypertonic to the cell, the concentration of the solutes outside the cell is higher than inside

52
Q

what is meant by hypotonic

A

When the solution is hypotonic to the cell, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than inside.

53
Q

what is meant by a cell being turgid

A

When a plant cell is turgid = water has moved in, causing the vacuole to swell, and making the cytoplasm press against the cell wall

54
Q

what is Active transport

A

Active transport = the movement of particles against the concentration gradient, requiring energy

55
Q

what are some examples of active transport

A

Examples of active transport:
actively tranporting salt

(human body)actively transporting glucose INTO the bloodstream from the end of the small intestine

Plants actively transport water and mineral ions from the soil into the roots

(human body)Glucose is actively transported into the blood from the kidney tubules

Crocodiles have special salt glands that remove excess salt

56
Q

how is cystic fibrosis caused

A

Cystic fibrosis a genetic condition caused by a recessive allele

57
Q

what does cystic fibrosis do?

A

In cystic fibrosis, the cells cannot actively transport salt and water. This means that the person with the disease makes very thick and sticky mucus in the lungs, the gut and the reproductive system

58
Q

what do cells that do alot of active transport have a lot of

A

mitochondria

59
Q

Which factors affect diffusion

A

1 cell thick allowing shorter distances for diffusion
-Having a steep concentration gradient
-increasing temperature
increasing the SA:V

60
Q

what are Villi

A

Villi = finger-like folds in our small intestine wall which create a larger SA:V for a faster rate of diffusion

61
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62
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63
Q
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64
Q
A

Biology (3 decks)

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