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Biology IGCSE 2017 > B4. Nutrition > Flashcards

B4. Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

define nutrition

A

taking in of nutrients which are
organic substances/ mineral ions,
containing raw materials or energy
for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them.

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2
Q

structure of carbonhydrate

A

contains: C, H, O
simple sugar - glucose
complex sugar - sucrose
complex carbohydrate - starch

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3
Q

structure of protein

A

contains: C, H, O, N, (S)
long-chain molecules of smaller molecules- amino acids
bond - peptides

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4
Q

structure of fats

A

contains: C, H, O

1 molecule of glycerol attach 3 fatty acids

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5
Q

small molecules are joined together to make long chain molecules

A

sugar → complex carbohydrates, e.g: starch, glycogen

amino acids → proteins

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6
Q

test for biological molecules

A

starch w/ iodine → blue/black

simple sugar w/ benedict’s solution → blue/ yellow/ green= alot of reducing sugar

protein → biuret reagnant → purple

fat w/ ethanol → forms cloudy emulsion

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7
Q

test for starch

A

1 half fill test-tube of substance
2 add 2 drops of iodine
3 +ve result: blue/black

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8
Q

test for reducing sugar

A

1 put a known volume of exact
2 place a beaker on heat proof mat
3 carefully half fill beaker with boiling water
4 add same volume of benedict’s solution to test tube and put into hot beaker
5 +ve result: from blue to —

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9
Q

define egestion

A

passing out of food that has not digested or absorbed

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10
Q

define ingestion

A

taking in substances via mouth

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11
Q

define digestion

A

breaking down of large insoluble food molecules
→ water soluble molecules
by mechincal/ chemical process

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12
Q

define absortion

A

movement of digested food through the wall of the intestines to blood

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13
Q

define assimilation

A

absorbed food molecules become part of cells

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14
Q

structure of teeth

A

enamel - hard outer layer
dentine - softer
cement layer fixed the root of tooth to a bony socket
pulp cavity - contains nerves and blood vessels

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15
Q

what is enamel

A

the outer layer of crown of tooth, the part above gum

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16
Q

what is dentine

A

softer part than enamel

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17
Q

what is cement

A

fixes the root of tooth into a bony socket of jaw

18
Q

describe tooth decay

A

caused by bacteria in plaque which changes

sugar → acid that attack enamels and dentine of tooth

19
Q

stages of tooth decay

A

1, particles of sugary food left inbetween teeth/plague contains bacteria which changes sugar → acid

  1. acid attack enamel on surface and start off decay
  2. when enamel worn away,acid will attack dentine
  3. acid reaches pulp cavity, will be painful and cause severe tooth ache, gums red and swollen
20
Q

tooth uses

A

incisors - bitting/ cutting
canines - piercing/ tearing
premolars/ molars - grinding/chewing

21
Q

define peristalsis

A

wave of muscular contraction

22
Q

describe digestion of food in stomach

A

-produce gastric juice
protein → polypeptide
hydrochloric acid - kills bacteria,optimum for protease

23
Q

the function of pancrease

A

produces

amylase: starch → maltose
trypsin: protein, polypeptides → peptides
lipsin: fat → fatty acid, glycerol

24
Q

abt bill

A

liver - produces bile
gall bladder - stores bil
pH for enzyme in intestines
emulsifies into smaller water soluble goubles

25
Q

how the small intestine is adapted for absorbtion

A
  • very large SA
  • thin lining( 1 cell thick) so digested food can easily cross the wall into blood and lymph
  • has villi, that has microvillus
26
Q

the function of small intestine

A

duodenum: food is mixed with gastric juice+bile

ileumL digested food is absorbed into blood and lymp

27
Q

the function of large intestine

A

colon - water is absorbed
rectum - feaces is stored
anus - feaces exit

28
Q

describe the structure of villus

A

capillary - amino acids/glucose molecules are absorbed
lacteal - fatty acids/glycerol are absorbed
→carries by hepatic portal vein

29
Q

define photosynthesis

A

process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

manufactures carbs

30
Q

define photosynthesis(simplified)

A

manufactures carbs, using raw materials by light

31
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H20 →C6H12O6 + 6O2

carbon dioxide + water -→ glucose + oxygen

32
Q

describe the stages of test for starch

A
  1. dip leaf in boiling water → easier to extract chlorophyll
  2. boil leaf in ethanol for 10m → extract chlorophyll
  3. wash leaf in cold water → remove ethanol/soften/ rehydrates leaf
  4. add drops of iodine to leaf → test for starch
33
Q

investigation of light intenstity on photosynthesis

A
  1. cut a length of 5cm pondweed
  2. put paperclip on pondweed to stop floating
  3. put a lamp close to plant and measure distance between plant/lamp
  4. count the number of bubbles released over 5m. repeats several times and get avr
  5. repeat procedure:lamp at different distances from plant
34
Q

investigation of CO2 on photosynthesis

*control variables

A
  1. 5 test tube with different mass of sodium hydrocarbonate added
  2. light intensity and temperature must be kept constant
35
Q

describe water intake

A

plant absorbs water into root by osmosis. for

  • reactant in photosynthesis
  • keeps cell turgid
  • cools leave by evaporation
  • transport dissolved materials
36
Q

describe CO2 intake

A

leaves have large SA and stomata to allows CO2 exchange

37
Q

importance of magnesium ions

A

chlorophyll synthesis
required for photosynthesis
→ affect plant growth
→ changes yellow

38
Q

importance of nitrates ions

A

protein synthesis
required for making new leaves
affect foot yield/plant growth
overuse: eutrophication

39
Q

describe eutrophication

A 
→ fertilisers leak into water 
  → rapid growth for water plant
    → these plant die/ decomposition needs O2
       → less O2 for other organism/ die
          →  pond becomes stagnant
40
Q

stomata, palisade and mesophyll cells – gas exchange

A
  1. stomata
    - opens in sunlight allows
    CO2 diffuses in for photosynthesis
    O2 diffuses out
    water vapour diffuses out
    -close at night/hot/dry weather → prevent water loss
  2. palisade mesophyll : photosynthesis
    CO2 diffuses in for photosynthesis
    O2 diffuses out
  3. spongy mesophyll
    - spongy layer wit airspace, allows CO2 to diffuses in
41
Q

distribution of chloroplasts – photosynthesis

A

upper epidermis: transparent

palisade mesophyll : contains lots of chlorplast where photosynthesis occurs

42
Q

prevention of water loss

A

cuticles: waterproof layer/ no evaporation

stomata

Biology IGCSE 2017 (7 decks)

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