B4 It's A Green World

Question 1

Describe how to carry out sampling using pooters

Answer 1

Pooters are containers with a straw device, used to suck in small animals so that they can be identified and counted.

Question 2

Describe how to carry out sampling using nets

Answer 2

Nets are used to catch animals such as butterflies or fish, allowing you to count and record numbers of animals.

Question 3

Describe how to carry out sampling using pitfall traps

Answer 3

Pitfall traps are small containers buried in the ground which collect small animals, allowing you to sample the animals in the area.

Question 4

Describe how to carry out sampling using Quadrats

Answer 4

Quadrats are square frames of a standard area. They are put on the ground to define an area. The numbers of organisms of particular species in the frame can then be counted.

Question 5

Describe a method to show the variety of plants and animals living in a small areas such as a 1m Quadrat

Answer 5

Not sure

Question 6

Explain how the distribution of organisms can be affected

Answer 6

Presence of other living organisms

Physical factors

Question 7

Define biodiversity

Answer 7

Variety of different species living in a habitat

Question 8

Give examples of natural ecosystems and artificial ecosystems

Answer 8

Native woodlands and lakes - natural

Forestry plantations and fish farms - artificial

Question 9

Formula for population size (capture-recapture)

Answer 9

(Number in first sample + Number in second sample)/ number of marked in second sample

Question 10

Explain the effect of sample size on the accuracy of an estimate of population size

Answer 10

These methods only provide estimates of the population, because it allows us to sample areas in the habitat, not the entire habitat. The greater the sample size the greater the accuracy of the estimate of the population

Question 11

Explain the assumptions made when using capture-recapture data

Answer 11

• no death, immigration or emigration
• identical sampling methods are used
• marking doesn’t affect their survival rate

Question 12

Explain the difference between ecosystem and habitat

Answer 12

A habitat is where many plants and animals live.

An ecosystem includes all the living things in the area (community), and how they interact with the physical conditions around them

Question 13

Explain the difference between community and population

Answer 13

Number of organisms of a particular species in an area is called population

A community is all the living things in an area

Question 14

Describe how to map the distribution of organisms in a habitat using a transact line

Answer 14

You can count the organisms that touch the tape, such as plants on the ground, to study their distribution.

Question 15

Explain what it means for an ecosystem to be described as self supporting in all aspects other than an energy source

Answer 15

An ecosystem is self-sufficient, which means that it needs nothing supplied to it, except energy from the Sun

Question 16

Describe zonation

Answer 16

Gradual change in the distribution of species across a habitat

Question 17

Explain how a gradual change of an abiotic factor can result in the zonation of organisms in a habitat

Answer 17

Abiotic factors include water, sunlight, oxygen, soil and temperature.

Question 18

Compare the biodiversity of a natural and artificial ecosystem

Answer 18

A natural ecosystem will have a greater biodiversity as they will be a greater range of organisms

Question 19

Explain the reasons for the differences in biodiversity in natural and artificial ecosystems

Answer 19

Humans control what organisms live in an artificial ecosystem and remove unwanted species

Question 20

Word equation for photosynthesis

Answer 20

Water + Carbon dioxide—–> Glucose + Oxygen

Oxygen is the water product

Question 21

Glucose made in photosynthesis is transported as soluble sugars but is stored as insoluble sugars

Answer 21

-

Question 22

Glucose and starch can be converted to other substances in plants to be used for energy, growth and storage products

Answer 22

-

Question 23

Explain why plants grow faster in the summer

Answer 23

More light

More warmth

Question 24

Plants carry out respiration as well as photosynthesis

Answer 24

-

Question 25

Describe the development of the understanding of the process of photosynthesis

Answer 25

- the view of Greek scientists was that plants gained mass only by taking minerals from the soil - Van Helmont's experimental conclusion that plant growth cannot be solely due to nutrients from the soil - Priestly's experiment showed that plants produce oxygen

Question 26

Explain how experiments using isotopes have increased our knowledge about photosynthesis

Answer 26

Oxygen is produced by photosynthesis comes from water and not carbon dioxide

Question 27

Describe the two stages of photosynthesis

Answer 27

- light energy is used to split water, releasing oxygen gas and hydrogen ions - carbon dioxide gas combines with the hydrogen to make glucose

Question 28

Describe the conversion of glucose and starch to other substances in plants and their use

Answer 28

Glucose for energy (respiration) Cellulose for cell walls Proteins for growth and repair Starch, fats and oils for storage

Question 29

Explain why insoluble substances such as starch are used for storage

Answer 29

- does not move away in solution from storage areas | - does not affect water concentration within cells

Question 30

Describe how photosynthesis can be increased by providing:

Answer 30

- more carbon dioxide - more light - higher temperature

Question 31

Explain the effects of limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis

Answer 31

Carbon dioxide - often the factor in shortest supply, limiting factor of photosynthesis NOT SURE ASK

Question 32

Explain why plants carry out respiration at all times

Answer 32

They respire at all times because respiration releases energy required by the plant to grow and survive

Question 33

Explain why plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen during the day and do the reverse at night

Answer 33

Plants photosynthesise at a faster rate than they respire, taking in more carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and releasing the extra oxygen produced. Plants respire but do not photosynthesise. Oxygen is taken into the leaf and waste carbon dioxide is released.

Question 34

Chlorophyll pigments in chlorophyll absorb light energy for photosynthesis

Answer 34

-

Question 35

Entry points of materials required for photosynthesis

Answer 35

Water enters through the root hairs | Carbon dioxide through stomata

Question 36

Exit point of materials produced in photosynthesis

Answer 36

Oxygen through stomata

Question 37

Broader the leaf, means more sunlight is absorbed

Answer 37

Name an

Question 38

How are leaves adapted for efficient photosynthesis

Answer 38

Broad so large surface area Thin so short distance for gases to diffuse Contain chlorophyll and other pigments to absorb light from different parts of the spectrum Have a network of vascular bundles for support and transport Guard cells which open and close the stomata

Question 39

Explain how the cellular structure of a leaf is adapted for efficient photosynthesis

Answer 39

Epidermis is transparent Palisade Layer at the top contains the most number of chloroplasts Air spaces in the spongy mesophyll allow diffusion between stomata and photosynthesising cells Internal surface area to Volume ratio is very large

Question 40

Carotenoids include carotene and xanthophyll, chlorophyll a and b allow the plant to absorb a greater range of light with different wavelengths

Answer 40

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Question 41

Substances move in and out of cells by diffusion through the cell membrane

Answer 41

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Question 42

Describe diffusion

Answer 42

Movement of substance from a region high concentration to low concentration

Question 43

Water moves in and out of plant cells by osmosis through the cell membrane

Answer 43

-

Question 44

Plant cell wall provides support to the plant and lack of water can cause the plant to wilt

Answer 44

-

Question 45

Explain how carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out of plants through the leaves

Answer 45

To get into a cell, particles pass through the cell membrane. The membrane will only allow small molecules through. This is fine for oxygen and carbon dioxide as they are both small molecules. The process of diffusion does not use energy, because the molecules move spontaneously from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.

Question 46

Water moves in and out of cells through the cell membrane

Answer 46

-

Question 47

Explain the net movement of particles by diffusion from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration as a consequence of the random movement of particles

Answer 47

NOT SURE

Question 48

Describe how molecules enter and leave cells by diffusion

Answer 48

Through the cell membrane

Question 49

Explain how the rate of diffusion can be increased

Answer 49

A shorter distance Larger surface area Greater concentration gradient

Question 50

Describe the term osmosis

Answer 50

Movement of water across a partially-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration It is a type of diffusion

Question 51

Describe the term partially permeable

Answer 51

A membrane that will allow some molecules through and not others

Question 52

Explain how plants are supported by the turgor pressure within cells

Answer 52

Water pressure acting against inelastic cell wall

Question 53

Explain wilting

Answer 53

Lack of turgor pressure

Question 54

What is plasmolysed cell

Answer 54

When the cell contents collapse away from the cell wall