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Biology > B1 Understanding organisms > Flashcards

B1 Understanding organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain why the blood in the arteries is under pressure

A
  • due to contraction of heart muscles

- so that it reaches all parts of the body

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2
Q

What factors increase the risk of developing heart disease?(4)

A
  • high blood pressure
  • smoking
  • eating too much saturated fat
  • eating too much salt
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3
Q

Describe how cholesterol can restrict blood flow in the arteries

A
  • Your liver makes cholesterol from saturated fats
  • Cholesterol is carried in the blood and may be deposited in artery walls
  • These deposits narrow the arteries and restrict blood flow. The blood pressure increases to flow blood through the small gap
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4
Q

Describe the factors that increase blood pressure

A
  • Being overweight
  • Stress
  • Smoking
  • High alcohol intake
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5
Q

Describe the factors that decrease blood pressure

A
  • Regular exercise

- Balanced diet

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6
Q

Explain the possible consequences of having high blood pressure

A
  • Stroke
  • Heart attack
  • Kidney damage
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7
Q

Explain the consequences of having low blood pressure

A
  • Fainting
  • dizziness
  • Poor circulation and organ failure
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8
Q

Explain the difference between health and fitness

A

Health is being free from any disease and fitness is the ability to do physical activity

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9
Q

What are the different ways of measuring fitness? (6)

A
  • Agility
  • Cardiovascular efficiency
  • Strength
  • Speed
  • Stamina
  • Flexibility
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10
Q

Explain how smoking increases blood pressure

A

Tobacco contains carbon monoxide and nicotine:

  • Carbon monoxide binds with the haemoglobin in red blood cells, hence reducing the oxygen carried. The heart has to beat faster to compensate, putting a strain on the heart.
  • Nicotine increases heart rate
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11
Q

Explain how diet can increase the risk of heart disease

A
  • Saturated fats can lead to build up of cholesterol in the arteries which may cause a plaque to form
  • High levels of salt can cause high blood pressure
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12
Q

Explain how narrowed coronary arteries, together with thrombosis increase the risk of heart disease

A

Narrow coronary arteries can cause the blood pressure to increase as the heart requires greater pressure to force the blood through the narrower arteries.
A thrombosis is a blood clot in a blood vessel, heart attack may occur if the artery leading to the heart muscle is clotted

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13
Q

Explain what and why a balanced diet should include?

A
  • Protein : for growth and repair
  • Carbohydrates and fat : to give you energy
  • Iron : to make haemoglobin
  • Vitamin C : to prevent scurvy
  • Fibre : to prevent constipation
  • Water : to prevent dehydration
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14
Q

Explain why:

  • A high protein diet is required by teenagers
  • In many parts of the world, diets are deficient
A

A. Proteins are required by teenagers because at this age their body is constantly growing
B. Religion, age, medical reasons, gender, personal choices and how active you are.
3rd world countries —-> overpopulation and not enough money invested in agricultural techniques

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15
Q

Proteins can be used as a source of energy when fats or carbohydrates are unavailable

A

True

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16
Q

What are the problems associated with being obese? (4)

A
  • Arthritis
  • Breast cancer
  • Heart disease
  • Diabetes
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17
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Simple sugars such as glucose

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18
Q

What are fats made up of?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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19
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

What factors cause variation in balanced diets?

A
  • personal choice
  • medial reasons
  • how active you are
  • gender
  • religion
  • age
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21
Q

Where and how are carbohydrates stored?

A

In the liver as glycogen or converted to fats

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22
Q

Where and how are fats stored?

A

Under the skin and around organs as adipose tissues

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23
Q

Where are proteins stored?

A

Not stored

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24
Q

What is the name for protein deficiency?

A

Kwashiorkor

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25
Q

Explain why protein deficiency is common in developing countries

A
  • Overpopulation

- Limited investment in agricultural techniques

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26
Q

Formula for Estimated average daily requirement (EAR)

A

EAR= 0.6 * body mass in kg

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27
Q

Formula for BMI

A

Mass in kg / (height in m)^2

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28
Q

Why may people in developed countries choose to eat little

A

Poor self image
Low self esteem
They think they will look better if they eat little and look skinny

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29
Q

What are infectious diseases caused by?

A

Microorganisms

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30
Q

Give one example of a disease caused by each type of pathogen

A

Fungi : athlete’s foot
Virus : flu
Bacteria : Cholera
Protozoa : Malaria

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31
Q

Give example of non-infectious diseases

A

Vitamin deficiency: scurvy (vitamin C)
Mineral deficiency : anaemia (lack of iron)
Body disorder : diabetes, cancer
Genetic inheritance: red-green colour blindness

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32
Q

Describe how the human body is defended against pathogens

A
  • skin provides a barrier
  • blood clotting prevents entry of pathogens
  • pathogens are trapped by mucus in the airways
  • hydrochloric acid in the stomach kill pathogens
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33
Q

Describe the difference between infectious and non-infectious disease

A

Infectious diseases are caused by parasites, whereas non-infectious diseases are caused by body disorders, deficiencies and genetic inheritance

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34
Q

Immunisation gives protection against certain pathogens

A

True

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35
Q

Describe how pathogen that enter your body are destroyed by the immune system

A
  • engulfed by white blood cells

- destroyed by antibodies

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36
Q

Explain why new drugs have to be tested before use

A

To ensure that the drug conforms to the specification and doesn’t cause any unknown side effects to the subject it is administered to

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37
Q

Describe how vectors spread disease

A

Malaria is caused by a parasite which is spread by female mosquitoes. When the mosquitoes bite people they spread the disease. Humans and mosquitoes are host for the disease

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38
Q

How can one control malaria?

A
  • sleeping under a mosquito net and using insect repellent
  • draining areas of stagnant water
  • using insecticides to kill mosquitoes
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39
Q

Describe some changes in lifestyle and diet which may reduce the risk of cancers

A
  • sunbathe a little, make sure they don’t burn
  • avoid eating too much fat and being overweight
  • avoid eating too much red meat and processed food
  • eat plenty of fruit and vegetables
  • take regular exercise
  • avoid drinking too much alcohol
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40
Q

Describe the difference between benign and malignant tumours

A

Benign cancer involves the tumour not spreading across other parts of the body whereas malignant cancer involves the tumour spreading across other parts of the body

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41
Q

Explain how pathogens cause the symptoms of an infectious disease

A
  • By cell damage

- Production of toxins

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42
Q

Antibodies lock on to the antigens leading to the death of the pathogens

A

True

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43
Q

Explain the difference between passive immunity and active immunity

A

Passive immunity involves antibodies being received and active immunity involves antibodies being self-produced

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44
Q

What is the difference between antiviral drugs and antibiotics

A

Antibiotics kill bacteria and fungi, however can’t deal with viruses as they have no antigens on the protein surface. Antiviral drugs inhibit the the replication of the virus within the host

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45
Q

Benefits of passive immunity

A
  • can be used to avoid pandemics and epidemics
46
Q

Explain how antibiotics can be used carefully to prevent increase of restraint strains such as MRSA

A
  • Complete the antibiotics course

- Should only be prescribed if necessary

47
Q

Example of a good antiseptic

A

Iodine solution

48
Q

Antiseptics can be used to kill microbes on the surface of your skin and can kill many resistant strains

A

True

49
Q

Describe how animals detect changes in their stimuli

A
  • using receptors which generate nerve impulses
50
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of monocular vision

A
  • wider field of view

- poorer judgement of distance

51
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of binocular vision

A
  • narrower field of view

- better judgement of distance

52
Q

Problems with being long-sighted

A
  • Can’t see nearby object clearly

- light rays don’t meet on the retina

53
Q

Problems with being short-sighted

A
  • Can’t see objects in the distant clearly

- Light rays meet in front of the retina

54
Q

Problems with red-green colour blindness

A
  • Can’t differentiate between colours of red and green

- Lack the specialised cells in the retina

55
Q

Name and locate the main parts of the nervous system

A
  • Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

- Peripheral nervous system: nerves taking information from sense organs into CNS

56
Q

Describe the nerve impulse

A

An electrical signal that is carried by nerve cells called neurones

57
Q

Describe reflex actions

A

Fast, automatic and protective responses

58
Q

Describe voluntary responses

A

Actions under the conscious control of the brain

59
Q

Describe the functions of the main parts of the eye

A

Cornea - refract light
Iris - controls how much light enters the pupil
Lens - focuses light on to retina
Retina - contains light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colours
Optic nerve - carries impulses to the brain

60
Q

Explain how the eye focuses light from near and distant objects

A

Close viewing

  • ring of ciliary muscle: contracted
  • suspensory muscle : slacken
  • lens : rounded, fat shape

Distant viewing

  • ring of ciliary muscle : relaxed
  • suspensory muscle : become taut
  • lens : flatter, thinner shape
61
Q

Describe the pathway of light in the eyeball

A
  • being refracted by the cornea

- brought to focus on the retina

62
Q

Explain how binocular vision helps to judge distance well

A

Helps to judge distance by comparing images from each eye, the more the similar images, the further away the object is

63
Q

Explain how long sightedness and short sightedness

A
  • Corrected by corneal surgery
  • Different lens in glasses
  • Different contact lens
64
Q

The nerve impulse passes along the axon of a neurone

A

True

65
Q

Describe a reflex arc

A 
Receptor 
Sensory neurone 
Central nervous system 
Motor neurone 
Effector 
Response
66
Q

Describe the path taken by a spinal reflex

A 
Receptor 
Sensory neurone 
Relay neurone 
Motor neurone 
Effector 
Response
67
Q

The gap between neurones is called

A

Synapse

68
Q

How are neurones adapted to their function?

A

Length - long
Insulating sheath - to ensure the impulses don’t leak away
Branched endings - so they can communicate with other neurones

69
Q

Describe how an impulse is passed from one neurone to the other

A

The release of a neurotransmitter substance and it diffuses across the synapse to bind with receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neurone causing the impulse to continue

70
Q

Drugs can be harmful and useful

A

True

71
Q

Why are some drugs available only on prescription?

A
  • they may have side effects
  • may interfere with other medications
  • be harmful for a patient if they have another condition
  • be harmful if too much is taken
72
Q

What does addiction mean?

A

Addicted to a drug is when the body is unable to function without the drug and are dependent on the drug

73
Q

What do withdrawal symptoms mean? (5)

A

If you stop taking drugs, you get withdrawal symptoms such as:

  • nausea
  • diarrhoea
  • vomiting
  • hallucinations
  • craving for the drug
74
Q

What does tolerance mean?

A

When the drug alters your body chemistry

75
Q

What does rehabilitation mean?

A

It is when the individual wants to stop the use of drugs and is given help from other people and restoring the individual’s life before they used drugs

76
Q

Describe the general effects of each drug category

A

Depressants : slow down the brain’s activities
Pain killers : block nerve impulses
Stimulants : increase brain’s activities
Performance enhancers : muscle development
Hallucinogens : distort what is seen and heard

77
Q

Tobacco smoking can cause emphysema, bronchitis, cancer and heart disease

A

True

78
Q

Describe the effects of tobacco smoking due to different substances (4)

A

Carbon monoxide : lack of oxygen and heart disease
Nicotine : addictive
Tars : irritant and carcinogenic
Particulates : accumulation in lung tissue

79
Q

What are the short term effects of alcohol? (10)

A
  • blurred vision
  • impaired speech
  • impaired judgement
  • increased reaction times
  • loss of self control
  • violent behaviour
  • drowsiness
  • unconscious or coma
  • increased blood flow to the skin means you feel warm but are losing core body heat
80
Q

What are the long term effects of alcohol? (7)

A
  • cirrhosis of liver
  • brain damage
  • can damage the foetus if pregnant woman drinks regularly
  • weight gain
  • fatty liver
  • increased risk of liver and heart disease
  • cancer of liver, mouth, throat and oesophagus
81
Q

Explain why there is a legal limit for the level of alcohol in the blood/breath for drivers and pilots?

A

Because alcohol impairs judgement and slows reactions, drivers and pilots cannot perform properly if they have drunk too much alcohol. Their risk of having an accident is greatly increased. So there is a legal limit for the amount of alcohol allowed in their blood and breath.

82
Q

Which class of drugs is the most dangerous with the heaviest penalties

A

Class A

83
Q

Which class of drugs is the least dangerous with the lightest penalties?

A

Class C

84
Q

Examples of depressants

A

Alcohol and temazepam

85
Q

Examples of pain killers

A

Aspirin and paracetamol

86
Q

Examples of stimulants

A

Nicotine, Ecstasy and caffeine

87
Q

Examples of performance enhancers

A

Anabolic steroids

88
Q

Examples of hallucinogens

A

LSD

89
Q

Explain the action of depressants and stimulants on the synapses of the nervous system

A
  • Depressants bind with receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neurone blocking the transmission of the impulses
  • Stimulants cause more neurotransmitter to cross the synapse
90
Q

Describe how the liver can become damaged as it remove alcohol (cirrhosis)

A
  • Enzymes in liver breakdown alcohol

- Toxic products of alcohol breakdown cause liver damage

91
Q

The body works to maintain steady levels of temperature, water, and carbon dioxide and it is essential for survival

A

True

92
Q

The core temperature of the human body is approximately 37 ‘C

A

True

93
Q

Describe appropriate procedures to measure body temperature

A
  • Ear,finger,mouth

- Use clinical thermometer, sensitive strips, digital recording probes or thermal imaging

94
Q

Describe how heat can be gained

A
  • respiration
  • shivering
  • less sweating
  • exercise
  • less blood flow near the skin (vasoconstriction)
95
Q

Describe how heat can be lost

A
  • More sweating
  • Less clothes being worn
  • More blood flowing near the skin (vasodilation)
96
Q

Pancreas produces a hormone called insulin

A

True

97
Q

Type 1 diabetes is caused because

A

The pancreas fails to produce enough insulin

98
Q

Describe how insulin travels around the body

A

As insulin is a hormone, it is secreted from the pancreas in to the bloodstream, they travel in the blood to target organs.

99
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment balancing bodily inputs and outputs

100
Q

Explain why temperature has to be maintained

A

Temperature:

  • below 35’C can cause hypothermia and if not treated it can cause death
  • above 40’C can cause dehydration and if not treated it can cause death
  • 37’C is Optimum temperature for enzymes to work at
101
Q

What other factors have to be maintained?

A

Carbon dioxide
Temperature
Water levels

102
Q

Temperature is monitored by the brain which will bring about temperature control mechanisms via the nervous and hormonal systems

A

True

103
Q

Insulin controls blood sugar levels

A

True

104
Q

Type 2 can often be controlled by diet but type 1 diabetes also needs to be treated by insulin dosage

A

True

105
Q

Explain why responses controlled by hormones are usually slower than responses controlled by the nervous system

A

Hormones have to be synthesised and released from the cells in the body where they are made, and then travel all over the body, in blood, to reach their target organs. Nerve impulses are generated very quickly and travel via neurones directly to the effector.

106
Q

Explain how insulin helps to regulate blood sugar levels

A
  • the pancreas secretes insulin
  • which travels in the blood to the liver
  • and makes the liver absorb extra glucose and change it to another carbohydrate called glycogen. This is a method of storing energy
107
Q

Explain how the dosage of insulin taken by a person with type 1 diabetes can be reduced with regular exercise.

A

Some excess glucose in the body is converted into energy during exercise, thus less insulin is required as there is less glucose is available

108
Q

Plant growth (growth of shoots and roots, flowering and fruit ripening) is controlled by_________

A

Auxin

109
Q

Why do plant’s roots grow downwards?

A

Positive geotropism, roots grow down in response to gravity

110
Q

Plant hormones can be used in agriculture speed up or slow down plant growth

A

True

111
Q

Shoots can be described as positively phototropic, but negatively geotropic

A

True

112
Q

Roots can be described as negatively phototropic, but positively geotropic

A

True

Biology (6 decks)

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