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IB Biology > B4: Form and Function of Ecosystems > Flashcards

B4: Form and Function of Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a habitat?

A

Place where an organism lives, including the physical conditions/type of ecosystem/where it resides

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2
Q

How specific can a habitat be?

A

As specific as which part of a tree it lives

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3
Q

What is an abiotic factor?

A

Non-living aspect of an ecocystem that typically has impact at extremes

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4
Q

Examples of an abiotic factor

A

Soil/rock/temperature/salinity/rainfall amount

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5
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

Genetic feature of an organism that provides an advantage for survival/reproduction

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6
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Interacting biotic community + abiotic factors in one area at one time

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7
Q

What is a species?

A

Group of living organisms capable of successfully interbreeding to create fertile offspring

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8
Q

What is species distribution?

A

Manner in which a species is arranged in a geographic area/where it lives

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9
Q

How is species distribution usually indicated?

A

On a map with a key for abundance

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10
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

Any abiotic factor that (at extremes) prevents a species from living in an area

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11
Q

What is range of tolerance?

A

Area between two extremes for an abiotic factor that can still accomodate successful habitation of a species

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12
Q

What is a physical adaptation?

A

Changes to the physical structure/outward appearance

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13
Q

What is a chemical adaptation?

A

Changes in the cellular level or functional changes to an internal process

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14
Q

What is a behavioural adaptation?

A

Learned (requries previous expore) or innate (natural) actions of an organism

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15
Q

What is a population?

A

One species in one area at a time

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16
Q

What is a community?

A

interacting populations in one area at one time

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17
Q

How is an adaptation evolved?

A

Natural selection
Mutation in DNA, causes genetic variation, struggle to survive, survival of the fittest, inheritance of variation

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18
Q

What are physical adaptations of grasses to sand dunes?

A

Thick, waxy cuticle
Accumulation of fructans in tap roots
Rhizomes that grow upwards as sand accumulates + extends deep into dune
Stomata in furrows/indentations

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19
Q

What are the conditions in a sand dune that grass must adapt to?

A

Low water availability
High salt concentration

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20
Q

What are chemical adaptations of grasses to sand dunes?

A

Conversion of materials into fructans (to be stored in root/leaf cells)
Rolling leaves

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21
Q

What is the benefit of a thick, waxy coating on leaves (cuticle)?

A

Reduce water loss/transpiration

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22
Q

What type of adaptation is a cuticle?

A

Physical

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23
Q

What is the advantage of rolling leaves for grass to sand dune environment?

A

Creates a humid area inside the rolled leaf -> less transpiration

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24
Q

What is the advantage of accumulating fructans (carbohydrates) in root + leaf cells for grass to sand dunes environment?

A

Increases osmotic pressure -> more water uptake

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25
Q

What is the advantage of rhizomes for grass to sand dune environment?

A

They grow upwards as sand accumulates and extend deep down -> can obtain water from these sources

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26
Q

What is a rhizome?

A

Underground stem

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27
Q

What is the benefit of having stomata in furrows/indentations for grass in a sand dunes environment?

A

Humid air can remain -> less transpiration

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28
Q

What adaptations of grass to sand dunes lead to reduce transpiration?

A

Cuticle (thick waxy coating in leaves)
Rolling Leaves
Stomata in furrows

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29
Q

What adaptations of grass to sand dunes lead to increased water uptake?

A

Accumulation of fructans in root/leaf cell
Rhizomes

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30
Q

What are the conditions of mangrove swamps that trees must adapt to?

A

Waterlogged anaerobic soils, high salt concentrations b/c of daily flooding + evaporation of salt in mud

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31
Q

What adaptations do trees have to a mangrove swamp?

A

Root epidermic coated in suberin
Secretion of salt from salt glands in leaves
Cable roots growing close to soil surface
Pneumatophores
Large buoyant seeds
Accumulation of mineral ions and carbon compounds

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32
Q

What are physical adaptations of trees to mangrove swamps?

A

Root epidermic coated in suberin
Glands in leaves for secretion of salt
Cable roots close to surface
Pneumatophores
Large buoyant seeds

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33
Q

What are chemical adaptations of trees to mangrove swamps?

A

Secretion of salt from salt glands in leaves
Cable roots growing clsoe to surface
Accumulation of mineral ions and carbon compounds

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34
Q

What is the advantage of a root epidermis coated in suberin (cork) for a tree in a mangrove?

A

Reduces permeability to salt -> prevents excessive absorption

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35
Q

What is the advantage of secreting salt from salt glands in leaves for a tree in a mangrove?

A

Reduces salt in trees

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36
Q

What is the advantage of cable roots growing close to soil surface for a tree in a mangrove?

A

Soil surface has more oxygen to absorb

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37
Q

What is the advantage of pneumatophores for a tree in a mangrove?

A

Can absorb oxygen for use in roots

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38
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

Vertical root branches that grow into the air

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39
Q

What is the advantage of large buoyant seeds for a tree in a mangrove?

A

Can be carried by ocean to distant muddy shores

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40
Q

What is the advantage of accumulating mineral ions and carbon compounds for a tree in a mangrove?

A

Increases osmotic potential -> water absorption in a very saline environment

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41
Q

Why does the pH in rock pools change during a 24 hour cycle?

A

Different levels of sunlight affect photosynthesis occuring in algae. Higher levels of sunlight cause more photosynthesis, so lower carbon dioxide concentration and a higher pH. No sunlight means no photosynthesis, but cellular respiration continues. This leads to an increase in carbon dioxide levels, so a lower pH

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42
Q

Why are species often absent from the upper parts of the intertidal zone?

A

Upper parts of intertidal are exposed to more drastic changes, so must be able to withstand varying temperatures/salinity/moisture + strong waves

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43
Q

What is a transect?

A

A scale line laid along the length of an area being measured

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44
Q

What is a transect used for in biology?

A

Determine species distribution and for systemic data gathering

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45
Q

What is line intersect sampling?

A

A transect is placed along ground and any organism that touches/is present at the line is recorded

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46
Q

What is belt transect sampling?

A

A transect (two lines this time) belt is placed between two poles. Continuous is when every species in this is measured. Interrupted is where intermittent blocks are measured. Quadrant is when boxes are used

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47
Q

What is an observational transect?

A

When an observer walks along a defined route at a defined pace and records sightings of target species.

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48
Q

What is data logging?

A

Digital storage of measurements taken at regular intervals (i.e. LOGS), taken by a sensory probe

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49
Q

What is data logging used for in biology?

A

Effectively consolidating/determing trends

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50
Q

What is the relationship between carbon dioxide and pH?

A

Increase in carbon dioxide -> decrease in pH

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51
Q

What are the two species a coral reef is made of?

A

Coral polyp and zooxanthellae algae

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52
Q

What factors need to be optimal for coral growth?

A

water depth
water temp
salinity
water clarity
water pH

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53
Q

What is the abiotic requirement of water depth for coral reefs?

A

less than 50m below surface, so sunlight can reach algae

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54
Q

What is zooxanthellae’s role in a coral reef?

A

Photosynthesis

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55
Q

What is the abiotic requirement of water temperature for coral reefs?

A

23-29 degrees Celsiuis

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56
Q

What happens if coral reefs are at the wrong temperature?

A

Coral polyp will expel algae

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57
Q

What is the abiotic requirement of salinity for coral reefs?

A

32-42ppt salt for osmolarity

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58
Q

What is the abiotic requirement of water clarity for coral reefs?

A

clear enough for light to pass through for photosynthesis by algae

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59
Q

What is the abiotic requirement of water pH for coral reefs?

A

7.8 or higher to form calcium carbonate

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60
Q

What are the two main abiotic factors impacted by carbon emissions and climate change in coral reefs?

A

Water temperature
Water pH

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61
Q

Why was a mountain top in the Hawaiian islands chosen for a long-term monitoring station for carbon dioxide?

A

Away from impacts of manmade carbon emissions

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62
Q

What is a biome?

A

Group of ecosystems that resemble each other, sharing similar abiotic and biotic factors

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63
Q

What are the six biomes?

A

tropical rainforest
temperate forest
taiga (boreal forest)
desert
grasslands
tundra

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64
Q

What is the acronym for biomes?

A

Taylor Teased The Tortured Groupies’ Department

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65
Q

What are the features of a tropical rainforest?

A

High temperature
High precipitation
High light
Minimal seasonal variation

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66
Q

What is the temperature in a tropical rainforest?

A

High temperature

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67
Q

What is the precipitation in a tropical rainforest?

A

High

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68
Q

What is the light in a tropical rainforest?

A

high

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69
Q

What are the seasons like in a tropical rainforest?

A

Minimal seasonal variation

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70
Q

What is the temperature in a temperate forest?

A

Medium/moderate

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71
Q

What is the precipitation in a temperate forest?

A

Medium to high

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72
Q

What is the light in a temperate forest?

A

Medium

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73
Q

What are the seasons like in a temperate forest?

A

Warm summers
Cold winter

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74
Q

What are the features of a temperate forest?

A

medium/moderate temperature
medium to high precipitation
medium light
warm summers. cold winter

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75
Q

What are the conditions of a taiga (Boreal Forest)?

A

Low temperature
Medium to high precipitation
Low to medium light
Short summers. Long, cold winters

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76
Q

What is the temperature in a taiga?

A

Low

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77
Q

What is the precipitation in a taiga?

A

Medium-to-high

78
Q

What is the light in a taiga?

A

Low to medium

79
Q

What are the seasons like in a taiga?

A

Short summers
Long, cold winters

80
Q

What are the conditions of the desert?

A

High temperature
Very low precipitation
High light
Minimal seasonal variations

81
Q

What is the temperature in a desert?

A

High

82
Q

What is the precipitation in a desert?

A

very low

83
Q

What is the light in a desert?

A

high

84
Q

What is the seasonal variation in a desert?

A

Minimal seasonal variation

85
Q

What are the conditions of grasslands?

A

Medium to high temperature
Medium precipitation
Medium to high light
Distinct seasonal variation with dry or cold season

86
Q

What is the temperature in grasslands?

A

Medium to high

87
Q

What is the precipitation in grasslands?

A

Medium

88
Q

What is the light in grassland?

A

Medium to high

89
Q

What are the seasons like in a grassland?

A

Distinct variation. Dry or cold seasons

90
Q

What are the conditions of a tundra?

A

Very low temperature
Low to medium precipitation
Low light
Very short summer with a very long/cold winter

91
Q

What is the temperature in a tundra?

A

very low

92
Q

What is the precipitation in a tundra?

A

low to medium

93
Q

What is the light in a tundra?

A

low

94
Q

What is the seasonal variation in a tundra?

A

Very short summer. Very long/cold winter

95
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

WHen distantly distanted species that face similar environmental challenges develop similar adaptations to best suit their environment
i.e. physically similar without common ancestry

96
Q

How does convergent evolution work?

A

Similar survival pressures (despite being geographically isolated from each other). Survival of the fittests. Therefore, similar traits are passed on. All organisms in dry environment share similar features

97
Q

Why do biomes have similar organisms?

A

Convergent evolution

98
Q

What adaptations does the Saguaro cactus have to the desert?

A

Roots that are widespread + form a deep taproot
Have storage tissue and pleats
Vertical orientation
Leaves reduced to spines
CAM metabolism

99
Q

What physical adaptations does the Saguaro cactus have to the desert?

A

Widespread roots + deep taproot
Storage tissue and pleats
Vertical orientation
Leaves reduced to spines

100
Q

What chemical adaptation does the Saguaro cactus have to the desert?

A

CAM metabolism (store CO2 at malic acid in cells so only open at night)

101
Q

What are the benefits of the Saguaro cactus having widespread roots (up to 30m from stem) and forming deep taproots (1m down into soil)?

A

Maximise water uptake from the ground

102
Q

What are the benefits of the Saguary cactus have storage tissue and pleats?

A

Allows plant to store water for when it doesn’t rain.
Pleats = maximum uptake

103
Q

What are the benefits of the Saguaro Cactus having vertical orientation?

A

Minimal SA exposure @ midday -> less heat exposure -> less transpiration

104
Q

What adaptations does the fennec fox have to the environment?

A

Nocturnal
Thick, pale fur
High water reabsorption in kidneys
Large ears (

105
Q

What is one behavioural adaptation of the fennec fox to the desert?

A

Nocturnal -> spends its day in an underground den

106
Q

Why is being nocturnal an advantage for the fennec fox to the desert?

A

Not exposed to the sun at peak hours. Not near predators

107
Q

Why is having thick, pale fur an advantage for the fennec fox?

A

When it is cold, the fur traps air to heat the fox.
When it is hot, the fur reflects heat into the environment
Camoflage

108
Q

Why is having high water reabsorption in kidneys an advantage for the fennec fox in the desert?

A

Conserves water when excreting urine

109
Q

Why is having large ears (thin with bloodvessels near skin)

A

Can dissipate excess heat. improve hearing for hunting

110
Q

What are physical adaptations for the fennec fox to its environment?

A

Thick, pale fur
Large ears

111
Q

What is a chemical adaptation of the fennec fox to its environment?

A

High water reabsorption in kidneys

112
Q

What are adaptations of the yellow meranti to the rainforest?

A

Tall trunk
Hard trunk/thick base
Dense trunk
Broad, oval evergeen leaves
Enzymes that can function at up to 35 degrees Celsius

113
Q

What are physical adaptations of the yellow meranti to the rainforest?

A

Tall trunk
Hard trunk/thick base
Dense trunk
Broad/oval evergeen leaves

113
Q

What is a chemical adaptation of the yellow meranti to the rainforest?

A

Enzymes that can function up to 35 degrees Celsius

114
Q

Why is having a tall trunk an advantage for the yellow meranti in the rainforest?

A

Reaches higher so can access more sunlight -> more photosynthesis

114
Q

Why is having a hard trunk/thick base an advantage for the yellow meranti in the rainforest?

A

Strong support -> adapt to extreme winds + be stable

115
Q

Why is having a dense trunk an advantage forthe yellow meranti in the rainforest?

A

Prevents damage from bugs + more support to strong winds

116
Q

Why is having broad, evergeen leaves an advantage for the yellow meranti in the rainforest?

A

Large SA:V -> increased transpiration to cool down

117
Q

Why is having enzymes that can function up to 35 degrees Celsius an advantage for the yellow meranti in the rainforest?

A

Allow photosynthesis to occur in higher temperatures

118
Q

What are adaptations of the spider money to to rainforest?

A

Long arms/legs
Flexible shoulders
Developed larynx for production of sound
Sleeping at night and active during day

119
Q

What are physical adaptations of the spider monkey to the rainforest?

A

Long arms/legs
Flexible shoulders
Developed larynx for production of sound
Sleeping at night + active during day

120
Q

Why is having long arms/legs and flexible shoulders an advantage for the spider monkey in the rainforest?

A

Allow them to swing though canopy and pick food

121
Q

What is a behavioural adaptation of the spider monkey in the forest?

A

Swining through the canopy

122
Q

Why is having a developed larynx for the production of sound an advantage for the spider monkey in the rainforest?

A

Allows communication when threatened

123
Q

Why is being active during the day and sleeping at night an advantage for the spider monkey in the rainforest?

A

Allows best visibility for movement -> can gather food and get around rainforest

124
Q

What environment does a saguaro cactus live in?

A

Desert

125
Q

What environment does the fennec fox live in?

A

Desert

126
Q

What environment does the yellow meranti live in?

A

Rainforest

127
Q

What environment does the spider monkey live in?

A

Rainforest

128
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Species that require oxygen to make ATP and die without it

129
Q

Where do obligate aerobes live?

A

Environments with sufficient oxygen

130
Q

What type of respiration do obligate aerobes do?

A

Aerobic respiration

131
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Species that produce ATP only without oxygen. They are inhibited/poisoned by the presence of oxygen

132
Q

Where are obligate anaerobes found?

A

Areas without oxygen such as deep within the ocean/digestive tract

133
Q

What type of respiration do obligate anaerobes do?

A

Anaerobic respiration

134
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Species that can easily switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration (i.e. either is sufficient)

135
Q

Where do facultative anaerobes live?

A

Any environment regardless of oxygen

136
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

species that make their own carbon compounds (usually glucose) from simple substances. [producers]

137
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Species that obtain carbon compounds from other living organisms [consumers]

138
Q

What does holozoic mean?

A

Whole pieces of food are swallowed before fully digested / digestion occurs in digestive tract

139
Q

What does saprotrophic mean?

A

Having the ability to excrete enzymes into environment (onto organic matter), matter is externally digested + then absorbed and directly used [decomposers]

140
Q

What does mixotrophic mean?

A

Having the ability to act as a heterotroph or an autotroph

141
Q

What is archae?

A

Prokaryotic unicellular organisms with distinct features (in terms of reproduction, structure, etc) from bacteria.

142
Q

What are some unique ways archae obtain nutrition?

A

Autotrophs that do photosynthesis without chloroplasts
Autotrophs that do chemosynthesis
Heterotrophs

143
Q

What does oxic mean?

A

Environment with available O2

144
Q

What does anoxic mean?

A

No oxygen in environment (e.g. swamps/intestinal tract of animals)

145
Q

What are the steps of Holozoic nutrition?

A
  1. Ingestion: food is taken into gut
  2. Digestion: large food molecules are broken down
  3. Absorption: small organic molecules are transported through epidermis of gut into blood/tissues
  4. Assimilation: organic molecules are used to synthesise macromolecules
  5. Egestion: undigested food is voided
146
Q

What are the steps of saprotrophic nutrition?

A

release enzymes into environment
digestion occurs outside of body
absorb digested matter
No egestion b/c only usable material is absorbed

147
Q

What is a facultative mixotroph?

A

Species that could survive on photosynthesis alone

148
Q

What is an obligate mixotroph?

A

Species that need photosynthesis and consumption to obtain all nutrition

149
Q

What is a consumer?

A

Organism that ingests living/freshly dead organic matter

150
Q

What is a detritivore?

A

Organism that ingests dead/decaying organic matter

151
Q

Example of a consumer

A

Most animals

152
Q

What is an example of a detritivore?

A

Earth worm/crows

153
Q

What is a photoautroph?

A

Organism that produces own food from inorganic sources, using sunlight and CO2

154
Q

What is a chemautotroph?

A

Organism that produces own food from inorganic sources, using only inorganic molecules

155
Q

What is one method to learn the trophic level of a fish once it is captured?

A

Analyse waste/digestive system

156
Q

What is one effect of commercial over-fishing in terms of trophic levels?

A

Reducing the number of fish that feed at higher trophic levels

157
Q

Why might the mean trophic level of a fish increase with age?

A

Increased size and need for food. Having exposure to more habitats

158
Q

What is a Winogradsky column?

A

Device used to create a model of a microbial ecosystem

159
Q

What are Winogradsky columns used to show?

A

The requirements for microorganisms, specifically in relation to oxygen

160
Q

What are Winogradsky columns made of?

A

Sediment/mud, carbon and sulfur source

161
Q

What does a Winogradsky column form overtime?

A

A gradient of oxygen requirements

162
Q

What is a genera?

A

Classifcation. Structurally/evolutionary related species

163
Q

What traits are known to the family Hominidae?

A

bipedalism, big brain, well developed forearms, flattened nails, no tail

164
Q

What genera are included in family Hominidae?

A

Genus Homo, Pongo, Gorilla, Pan

165
Q

What are the 4 different types of teeth in mammals?

A

incisor
canine
premolar
molar

166
Q

What are the traits of an incisor?

A

Front teeth
For cutting bite-sized pieces of food
Sharp edge across top

167
Q

What are the traits of a canine tooth?

A

Single sharp point @ top of tooth
Used for ripping/tearing

168
Q

What are the traits of a premolar tooth?

A

mostly flat surface @ top of tooth
used for crushing/slicing/grinding food

169
Q

What are the traits of a molar tooth?

A

Back teeth
Used for grinding/chewing plant material
Broad/mostly flat surface at top of tooth

170
Q

What are teeth adapted for herbivores?

A

Mostly large/flat to grind on plants

171
Q

What are teeth adapted for meat eating (omnivorous in family Hominidae)?

A

Mixture of tooth types -> some for grinding, some for cutting

172
Q

What are lianas?

A

Vines that take root on the forest floor + use trees as a scaffold

173
Q

What is the benefit of being a liana?

A

Can access sunlight but dont need to be extremely stable

174
Q

What is an epiphyte?

A

Plants that grow directly out of trees. No roots in soil

175
Q

What is a herbaceous plant (herb)?

A

Plants without a woody stem + bark

176
Q

What type of teeth do Australopithecus afrenis have, and what does this say about their diet?

A

Broad molars. Small canines + incisors -> variable herbivorous diet

177
Q

What are the teeth features of Homo habilis, and what does this say about their diet?

A

Molars for grinding plants. Canines and incisors for cutting meat -> omnivore

178
Q

What are the teeth features of a paranthropus boisei, and what does this say about their diet?

A

Massive molars -> herbivore

179
Q

What are examples of adaptations for herbivores?

A

Beetles/caterpillars have jaw-like mouth parts (for chewing plant material)
Aphids have a long, pointed tubular mouthpiece -> puncture plants to drink sap

180
Q

What are examples of adaptations to resist herbivory?

A

Sharp spines/thorn on leaf/stem -> scare off animals with a threat or injure those trying to eat

Production of toxins that are stored in leaves or seeds (Chemical) -> harm herbivores trying to eat. Paired with warning colours often

181
Q

What are examples of adaptations for predators to obtain food?

A

Vampire bats have short/pointed incisors and canines -> pierce flesh

Black mambas produce neurotoxic venum (chemical) -> paralyse prey + swallow whole
If they advertise this neurotoxin -> behavioural, defence

Grizzly bears (behavioural) use ambush strategies -> best access to food source

182
Q

What are examples of adaptations for prey to avoid predation?

A

Buff-tip moths are camoglaged to represent broken birch twigs -> physical, predators can’t find them

Cinnabar moth caterpillars create poison (chemical) and have colouration (physical) to indicate -> kills predators + future avoidance

Blue-striped snapper school together (Behavioural)

183
Q

Examples of adaptations for plants harvesting light

A

Lianas grow up + around tree to use as support (chemical b/c tropism)

Epiphytes grow out a tree trunk (physical)

184
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

role an organism plays in a community, including abiotic and biotic interactions that impact growth/survival/reproduction

185
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

Potential niche a species can inhabit based on adaptations and range of tolerance

186
Q

What is a realised niche?

A

actual habitat a species thrives in once competition + success of predator/prey is factored in

187
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

Two species cannot occupy the same niche successfully

188
Q

How does niche partitioning occur?

A

There is a fundamental niche (i.e. anywhere in abiotic zone of tolerance). A biotic factor (e.g. competition in this example) is added. Competitive exclusion principle exists. Overtime, the two species (in this case) are driven into different niches by natural selection. Niche partitioning has occured

IB Biology (10 decks)

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