B4: Biogenetics Flashcards
What is photosynthesis?
The process in which green plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water.
What 3 things do plants need to make glucose?
Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy.
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen
What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H1206 + 6O2
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplasts in leaves.
How is water transported around the plant?
Goes through root hair cells from the soil through the xylem and transported through the rest if the plant.
What are some uses of glucose?
. respiration
. making cellulose
. making proteins
Why is glucose used in respiration?
The breakdown of glucose using oxygen to release energy.
Why is glucose used in making cellulose?
Making cell walls support and structure.
Why is glucose used in making proteins?
Glucose and nitrate ions make amino acid which them form proteins.
Why is glucose used in making starch?
Glucose is turned into starch in the roots and other parts of the plant so when it is not photosynthesising it can still function.
Why is glucose used in making lipids?
Glucose can be converted into fats.
How do you test to see if a plant is photosynthesising?
Test for starch.
How do you test for starch?
- fill half a beaker with water and boil with a blue flame.
2.Place the leaf in the water for 5 minutes. - turn the bunsen burner off
- put ethanol in a test tube and leave it in the water for 10 minutes
- clean the leaf and place it on a white tile and blot with a paper towel
- place 3 drops of iodine onto the leaf and is starch is present then it will go from orange to blue/ black.
Why when testing for starch do we put it in hot water?
Softens the leaf.
Why when testing for starch do we use ethanol?
Removes the green colour.
What factors affects the rate of photosynthesis?
. light intensity
. CO2 concentration
. temperature
. enzymes
. amount of chlorophyll
Why does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?
If there isn’t enough light a plant can’t photosynthesis very quickly
Why does CO2 concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?
It is a raw material needed in photosynthesis
Why does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Enzymes work at an optimal temperature so if it is too cold they won’t work as well as they have little kinetic energy but when it increases there is more kinetic energy. However if they get too hot then they will denature.
Why does enzymes affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Enzymes control combining H2O and CO2 to make glucose.
Why does the amount of chlorophyll affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll is used absorb the light that is required for photosynthesis.
What is the method for testing the rate of photosynthesis?
- Set up a boiling tube containing 45 cm3 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution (1%). Allow the tube to stand for a few minutes and shake to disperse any air bubbles that might form.
- Cut a piece of the pondweed, Cabomba. The pondweed should be 8 cm long.
- Use forceps to place the pondweed in the boiling tube carefully. Make sure that you don’t damage the pondweed, or cause the liquid to overflow.
- Position the boiling tube so that the pondweed is 10 cm away from the light source. Allow the boiling tube to stand for five minutes. Count the number of bubbles emerging from the cut end of the stems in one minute. Repeat the count five times and record your results.
- Calculate the average number of bubbles produced per minute. Repeat the experiment at different distances away from the light source.
Name 3 ways you can artificially control plant growth?
. green houses
. propane burner
. artificial lighting
How do propane burners increase the rate of photosynthesis?
Burning fuel releases CO2 so it then speeds it up as CO2 is a reactant.
How do greenhouses increase the rate of photosynthesis?
Traps sunlight to increase temperature which then speeds up flowering.
How do artificial lighting increase the rate of photosynthesis?
It means photosynthesis can happen through the night as well.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O2 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
What is energy used for?
. Make large molecules from smaller ones
. Allow muscles to contract in animals
. Maintain a constant body temperature in birds and mammals
. Plants to move mineral ions
How do you test for a carbon dioxide?
Bubble carbon dioxide through limewater and if it turns cloudy lime water is present.
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose = lactic acid (small amount of energy)
What does lactic acid cause?
Cramps and fatigue
What is needed to get rid of lactic acid?
Oxygen
What is the equation for getting rid of lactic acid?
lactic acid + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
Where does the breakdown of lactic acid happen?
Muscles/ liver
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?
glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide
What property is in aerobic respiration?
. glucose needed
. oxygen needed
. carbon dioxide produced
. lots of energy is released
What is the property for anaerobic respiration in animals?
. glucose needed
. lactic acid produced
What is the property of anaerobic respiration in plants, yeast and microbes?
. glucose required
. carbon dioxide produced
. ethanol produced
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen needed to breakdown lactic acid.
What is a response of the body to exercise?
. sweaty
. heart rate increases
Why does the body change during exercise?
Increase the supply of glucose and oxygen to muscle cells and increase the rate of removal of carbon dioxide from muscles.
What is metabolism?
The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
What factors affect metabolic rate?
. gender
. age
. body size/ weight
. pregnancy
What are some reactions that happen in the body?
. conversion from glucose to glycogen
. formation of lipids
. respiration
. formations of proteins
What is metabolism controlled by?
Enzymes
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that takes energy in from the environment.
What are the main two types of reactions in the human body?
. Breaking large molecules into smaller ones.
. Large molecules are made from smaller ones.
