B3: Infection And Response Flashcards
What is a communicable disease?
A disease caused by a pathogen that can be passed from person to person.
What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease that is not spread from person to person.
What is a disease?
Any condition that interferes with the proper function of the body or mind.
What is a pathogen?
Microorganisms that can cause infectious disease.
What are the different types of pathogens?
Virus, bacteria, fungi, and protists.
Describe a virus.
Not alive. Not a cell. It lives inside your cells and reproduces rapidly to replicate themselves. This bursts the cell releasing new viruses and the cell damage makes you feel ill.
Describe a bacteria.
Simple one celled organisms. Reproduce rapidly. Produce toxins that damage cells and tissues.
Describe a fungi.
Single celled organisms. Grow and penetrate human skin.
Describe a protist.
Mostly one celled, eukaryotes. Some are parasites that live on other organisms and cause damage. Can be transferred by a vector(an insects that carries the protist)
How are pathogens spread?
- water- drinking dirty water or bathing in dirty water.
- contact with animals or insects: a tick bite can spread lyme disease
- direct contact: touching someone or a contaminated surface
- air: carried by air and breathed in
What are the three viral disease you need to know?
Measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus
How is measles spread?
Coughs and sneezes in the air so you then breathe in the microbes.
How is HIV spread?
Contaminated blood, breast milk, shared needles, and sexual intercourse.
How is tobacco mosaic virus spread?
Direct contact between healthy plants and diseased plants.
What are the symptoms of measles?
. fever
. red skin rash
. long term blindness and brain damage
What are the symptoms of HIV?
. fever
. rah
.cold like symptoms
.swollen glands
.steady breakdown of the immune system
What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?
. discoloration on the leaves- affects the rate of photosynthesis
How can be measles treated?
Currently no treatment but can vaccinate children.
How can be HIV treated?
No treatment but can be prevented by using condoms, and screening blood.
How can be tobacco mosaic virus treated?
No treatment but good food hygiene and pest control helps prevent the spread.
What are the two bacterial diseases you need to know?
Salmonella and gonorrhoea.
How is salmonella spread?
Uncooked food, poor hygiene/ contamination of raw meat.
How is gonorrhea spread?
Unprotected sex.
What are the symptoms for salmonella?
. fever
. vomiting
. diarrhoea
. abdominal cramps
What are the symptoms for gonorrhea?
. thick yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina
. pain when urinating
How do you treat salmonella?
Keep raw chicken away from food that is uncooked and antibiotics.
How do you treat gonorrhea?
Antibiotics.
What is the fungal disease you need to know
Rose blackspot.
What is the protist disease you need to know?
Malaria.
How is rose black spot spread?
Spread by water and wind.
How is malaria spread?
Female mosquitoes bite an infected person and drink their blood. Then when it bites someone else it gets passed on.
What are the symptoms of rose black spot?
. purple/ black spots
. leaves turn yellow
. leaves drop early
What are the symptoms of malaria?
. fever
. headache
. vomiting
How do you treat rose black spot?
Burning and removing infected leaves or use a fungicide.
How do you treat malaria?
Some drugs are effective is treated early, use nets when sleeping, and bug sprays.
What are the two defense systems in the body?
Non-specific defense systems and specific defense mechanism.
What is a non-specific defense system?
A defense to stop microbes entering the body.
What is a specific defense mechanism?
White blood cells that are specific to certain types of microbes and involve the production of antibodies/ phagocytosis.
What is a white blood cell?
A blood cell found in bone marrow that helps you fight diseases and infections. They are part of the immune system.
What are some non-specific defense systems?
. nose
.skin
. trachea and bronchi
. stomach
What three things do white blood cells do?
. phagocytosis
. antibody production
. antitoxin production.
What is phagocytosis?
When a white blood cell engulfs foreign cells and digest them.
What is antibody production?
They produce antibodies in response to the specific foreign antigen they then lock onto the invading cells and other white blood cells will destroy them.
What is antitoxins production?
They produce antitoxins to neutralise the toxins produced by the pathogen.
What is a vaccination?
Treatment with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease.
How does a vaccine work?
- A dead form of a pathogens/ microorganisms with antigens on its surface is injected.
- White blood cells are then stimulated to produce antibodies
- Memory cells are made or remain
- If the pathogens/ microorganisms re enter the body then antibodies are made very quickly and are then killed and do not produce a big enough population to cause the disease
What is a antibiotic?
Damage and prevent the growth of bacteria and eventually kill them.
What is a painkiller?
Work to relieve the symptoms of an infection but they can’t destroy the invading pathogens.
How do bacteria become antibiotic resistant?
- a person has a bacterial infection
- antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria causing the infection
- due to a random change in their DNA (mutation) some bacteria survive
- the mutated bacteria reproduce rapidly
- a new strain of bacteria has evolved that is relevant to this particular antibiotic
What do antibiotics kill?
Bacteria. Not viruses, protists, or fungi
Where does penicillin come from?
Willow bark
Where does aspirin come from?
Penicillin
Where does digitalis come from?
Foxglove
What does digitalis do?
Treat heart conditions.
What is aspirin used for?
A painkiller.
What does penicillin do?
Treat bacterial infections.
What is a clinical trial?
A research program conducted with patients to evaluate the effectiveness of a new medical treatment or drug.
What does efficacy mean?
Whether something work.
What does toxicity mean?
How harmful something is.
What does dosage mean?
The concentration that should be taken and often so it’s safe and it works.
What does side effects mean?
Other effects that may happen when a drug is taken.
What are preclinical trials?
When a drug is tested on cells and animals.
What are clinical trials?
When a drug is tested on humans.
What is stage one in a preclinical trial?
Drugs are tested using computer models of human cells and tissue in the lab.
What is stage two in preclinical trials?
Drugs that pass stage one then go on to being tested on live animals.
What is stage one of clinical trials?
Testing the drug on healthy volunteers to check to see if there safe with no harmful side effects.
What is stage two of clinical trials?
Testing the drug on people with the illness to see if it is harmful to them and it also decides on the optimal dosage.
What are blind trials?
Volunteers do not know if they have the drug or a placebo.
What are double blind trials?
Volunteers and doctors do not know if they have the drug or a placebo.
What is an optimum dose?
The dose of a drug that is the most effective and has few side effects.
What is a placebo?
A substance that is like the drug being tested but doesn’t do anything.
What is the method for culturing microorganisms?
- Make sure everything you are using is cleaned and clean your hands.
- Using a permanent marker split the petri dish into 3 equal parts then draw a dot in the middle of each one and add your name data and name of bacteria
- Soak paper discs in different types of antibiotics and place them on top of the agar jelly which has been covered with bacteria.
- Use a control paper disc. Cover and tape the petri dish.
- At the back of the petri dish, label which paper disc represents which antibiotic/ control.
- Leave the petri dish for 48 hours at no more than 25°C.
- Work out the area of the clear zone
What is a monoclonal antibody?
Antibody produced by a single clone of cells and considering of identical antibody molecules
Name the two white blood cells?
Lymphocytes(antibody and antitoxin production), phagocytes
What is a hybridomas?
Lymphocytes combined with cancer cells.
Explain how monoclonal antibodies are made.
- A mouse is injected with a specific pathogen. The mouse,s immune system responses.
- Specific white blood cells called lymphocytes produce antibodies.
- Tumor cells are able to divide but cant make antibodies
- B cells are combined with tumor cell to make hybridomas cells and these can now make antibodies.
- The hybridoma copy themselves and produce antibodies that are called monoclonal antibodies.
- Antibodies are harvested and used for a range of purposes.
What are monoclonal antibodies used for?
. pregnancy tests
. in diagnosis
. identifying and treating cancer
. in labs for blood testing
How do pregnancy tests work?
Monoclonal antibodies bind to HCG and tiny amounts of the hormones are released in urine and cause colour change.
What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
. healthy cells are not affected in cancer treatments
. specificity means they can be used to treat a wide variety of disease
. may end up as a magic bullet medicine
What are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?
. expensive to produce
. can create side effects
. producing the right monoclonal antibodies initially proved difficult
How do monoclonal antibodies help identify HIV/ AIDS?
Screening blood for HIV. Hospitals measure and monitor the levels of hormones/ chemicals in the blood.
How do monoclonal antibodies help treat cancer?
Cancer cells have antigens on their surface called tumor markers in a lab you can make antibodies that will bind to the tumor markers.
How do monoclonal antibodies help identify cancer?
Radioactive material is added to the antibodies it binds to cancer cells and can then be seen on an x-ray.
What is a deficiency?
A lack or a shortage of something.
What are nitrate ions used for?
Building proteins and growth
What are magnesium ions used for?
Photosynthesis and making chlorophyll
What are nitrate ions deficiency symptoms and explain?
Stunted growth- all amino acids contain nitrogen and amino acids are the building blocks to all proteins
What are magnesium ions deficiency symptoms and explain?
Yellow leaves- chlorophyll molecules contain magnesium ions so then magnesium can’t make chlorophyll
What are some symptoms of diseases in plants?
. stunted growth
. spots on leaves
. patches of decay
. discolouration
What are some non-specific defense mechanisms in plants?
. cell wall
. waxy/ tough cuticle
. leaf fall
What are some specific defense mechanisms in plants?
. antibacterial chemicals
. poisons
What are physical defenses?
Non-specific defense mechanisms
What are chemical defenses?
Specific defense mechanisms
What are mechanical defenses?
A defense that scares away bigger predators.
What are some mechanical defenses?
. thorns
. hairs
. leaves that droop or curl
