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Biology > B4 - Bioenergetics > Flashcards

B4 - Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary outcome of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and oxygen

Photosynthesis transforms carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light energy.

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2
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts contain pigments like chlorophyll that absorb light energy.

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3
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic

This means energy is absorbed from the environment during the process.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The word equation for photosynthesis is _______.

A

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

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5
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

This represents the chemical transformation during photosynthesis.

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6
Q

List the five main uses of glucose in plants.

A
  • For respiration
  • Making cellulose
  • Making amino acids
  • Stored as oils or fats
  • Stored as starch
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7
Q

How does glucose help in respiration?

A

Transfers energy

This energy enables plants to convert glucose into other useful substances.

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8
Q

What is the role of glucose in making cellulose?

A

Converted into cellulose for strong plant cell walls

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9
Q

How are amino acids produced in plants?

A

By combining glucose with nitrate ions

Nitrate ions are absorbed from the soil.

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10
Q

What is stored as oils or fats in plants?

A

Glucose

Glucose is converted into lipids for storage in seeds.

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11
Q

Why is starch better for storage than glucose?

A

Starch is insoluble

This prevents cells from drawing in excess water and swelling.

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12
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Intensity of light
  • Concentration of CO₂
  • Temperature
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13
Q

What does it mean if a factor is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

A

It stops photosynthesis from happening any faster.

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14
Q

Which factor is typically limiting at night?

A

Light

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15
Q

Which factor is often limiting in winter?

A

Temperature

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16
Q

What can also be a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll

The amount of chlorophyll can be affected by disease or environmental stress.

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17
Q

How can environmental stress affect chlorophyll?

A

Causes chloroplasts to become damaged or insufficiently produce chlorophyll

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18
Q

What happens if chlorophyll is not sufficient in a plant?

A

The rate of photosynthesis is reduced

This occurs because the plant cannot absorb enough light.

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19
Q

What is the primary outcome of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and oxygen

Photosynthesis transforms carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light energy.

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20
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts contain pigments like chlorophyll that absorb light energy.

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21
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic

This means energy is absorbed from the environment during the process.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The word equation for photosynthesis is _______.

A

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

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23
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

This represents the chemical transformation during photosynthesis.

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24
Q

List the five main uses of glucose in plants.

A
  • For respiration
  • Making cellulose
  • Making amino acids
  • Stored as oils or fats
  • Stored as starch
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25
Q

How does glucose help in respiration?

A

Transfers energy

This energy enables plants to convert glucose into other useful substances.

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26
Q

What is the role of glucose in making cellulose?

A

Converted into cellulose for strong plant cell walls

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27
Q

How are amino acids produced in plants?

A

By combining glucose with nitrate ions

Nitrate ions are absorbed from the soil.

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28
Q

What is stored as oils or fats in plants?

A

Glucose

Glucose is converted into lipids for storage in seeds.

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29
Q

Why is starch better for storage than glucose?

A

Starch is insoluble

This prevents cells from drawing in excess water and swelling.

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30
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Intensity of light
  • Concentration of CO₂
  • Temperature
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31
Q

What does it mean if a factor is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

A

It stops photosynthesis from happening any faster.

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32
Q

Which factor is typically limiting at night?

A

Light

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33
Q

Which factor is often limiting in winter?

A

Temperature

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34
Q

What can also be a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll

The amount of chlorophyll can be affected by disease or environmental stress.

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35
Q

How can environmental stress affect chlorophyll?

A

Causes chloroplasts to become damaged or insufficiently produce chlorophyll

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36
Q

What happens if chlorophyll is not sufficient in a plant?

A

The rate of photosynthesis is reduced

This occurs because the plant cannot absorb enough light.

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37
Q

What is the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases steadily until it levels off when light is no longer the limiting factor.

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38
Q

At what temperature does the rate of photosynthesis level off at a higher point?

A

At 25 °C.

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39
Q

What does it indicate when the line levels off at a higher point at 25 °C compared to 15 °C?

A

Temperature must have been a limiting factor at 15 °C.

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40
Q

How does CO₂ concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Both lines level off when light is no longer the limiting factor, and the line at a higher CO₂ concentration levels off at a higher point.

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41
Q

What CO₂ concentrations are compared in the text?

A
  • 0.4% CO₂
  • 0.04% CO₂
42
Q

What does it mean if the line at 0.4% CO₂ levels off at a higher point than at 0.04%?

A

CO₂ concentration must have been a limiting factor at 0.04% CO₂.

43
Q

True or False: Temperature is the limiting factor when comparing the rates of photosynthesis at different CO₂ concentrations at the same temperature.

A

False.

44
Q

What happens to light intensity as the distance from the light source increases?

A

Light intensity decreases as distance increases.

45
Q

How is the relationship between distance and light intensity defined?

A

Distance and light intensity are inversely proportional.

46
Q

What does the inverse square law state about light intensity?

A

Light intensity decreases in proportion to the square of the distance.

47
Q

What is the formula representing the inverse square law?

A

light intensity ∝ 1/(distance)^2

48
Q

If the distance is halved, how much does light intensity increase?

A

Light intensity becomes four times greater.

49
Q

If the distance is tripled, how much does light intensity decrease?

A

Light intensity becomes nine times smaller.

50
Q

What is the light intensity when the lamp is 10 cm from the pondweed?

A

Light intensity = 0.01 a.u.

51
Q

What does ‘a.u.’ stand for in the context of light intensity?

A

‘a.u.’ stands for arbitrary units.

52
Q

What is the most common way to artificially create the ideal environment for plants?

A

Growing plants in a greenhouse.

53
Q

How do greenhouses help in plant growth?

A

They trap the Sun’s heat and maintain ideal temperature conditions.

54
Q

What might a farmer use in winter to maintain temperature in a greenhouse?

A

A heater.

55
Q

What methods can be used to cool down a greenhouse in summer?

A

Using shades and ventilation.

56
Q

Why do commercial farmers supply artificial light?

A

To give plants more quality photosynthesis time after sunset.

57
Q

How can carbon dioxide levels be increased in a greenhouse?

A

By using a paraffin heater that produces CO2 as a by-product.

58
Q

What advantage does keeping plants in a greenhouse provide regarding pests?

A

It makes it easier to keep plants free from pests and diseases.

59
Q

What additional resource can farmers add to the soil for plant growth?

A

Fertilizers.

60
Q

What is the goal of providing ideal conditions for photosynthesis in farming?

A

To grow plants faster and harvest decent crops more often.

61
Q

True or False: Providing more heat and light than plants need is beneficial for growth.

A

False.

62
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose, occurring in every cell continuously.

63
Q

True or False: Respiration is the same as breathing.

A

False

64
Q

Where does respiration occur?

A

In every cell of the body and in plants.

65
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Exothermic

66
Q

List three uses of energy transferred by respiration.

A
  • To build up larger molecules from smaller ones
  • To allow muscles to contract in animals
  • To maintain body temperature in mammals and birds
67
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism.

68
Q

What role do enzymes play in metabolism?

A

They control the chemical reactions happening in a cell.

69
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are _______.

A

biological catalysts

70
Q

What are two types of reactions that occur in metabolism?

A
  • Building larger molecules from smaller ones
  • Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones
71
Q

Provide an example of a molecule formed from smaller ones.

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, lipids, or proteins.

72
Q

What happens to excess protein in the body?

A

It is broken down to produce urea, which is excreted in urine.

73
Q

What is the total of all reactions in a cell called?

A

Metabolism

74
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

75
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration using oxygen

76
Q

Why is aerobic respiration considered the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose?

A

It fully oxidizes glucose

77
Q

Where do most reactions in aerobic respiration occur?

A

Inside mitochondria

78
Q

What are the word and symbol equations for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
CH₂O + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

79
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration?

A

Incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen

80
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

A

glucose → lactic acid

81
Q

Does anaerobic respiration transfer as much energy as aerobic respiration?

A

No, it transfers much less energy

82
Q

In what situations is anaerobic respiration useful?

A

In emergencies, e.g. during vigorous exercise

83
Q

What do plants and yeast produce during anaerobic respiration?

A

Ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide

84
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells?

A

glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide

85
Q

What is fermentation in yeast?

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells

86
Q

What is the significance of fermentation in the food and drinks industry?

A

Used to make bread and alcoholic drinks

87
Q

What causes bread to rise during bread-making?

A

Carbon dioxide from fermentation

88
Q

What is produced during the fermentation process in beer and wine-making?

A

Alcohol

89
Q

What type of organisms are yeast?

A

Single-celled organisms

90
Q

What is the primary energy source for muscle contraction during exercise?

A

Respiration

Muscles require energy from respiration to contract effectively.

91
Q

How does the body increase oxygen intake during exercise?

A

Increased breathing rate and breath volume

This increase helps to get more oxygen into the blood.

92
Q

What happens to heart rate during exercise?

A

Heart rate increases

This helps to circulate oxygenated blood around the body faster.

93
Q

What occurs when the body cannot supply enough oxygen during vigorous exercise?

A

Muscles start respiring anaerobically

Anaerobic respiration leads to lactic acid build-up.

94
Q

True or False: Anaerobic respiration is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose.

A

False

Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid, which is less efficient.

95
Q

What is lactic acid a product of?

A

Incomplete oxidation of glucose

Lactic acid can cause muscle pain and fatigue.

96
Q

What is an ‘oxygen debt’?

A

The amount of extra oxygen needed to react with lactic acid

It helps to remove lactic acid from the cells.

97
Q

Fill in the blank: After exercising, you need to repay the oxygen that you didn’t get to your muscles in time because your lungs, heart, and blood couldn’t keep up with the _______.

A

Demand

98
Q

How does the body cope with high levels of lactic acid?

A

Transporting lactic acid to the liver for conversion back to glucose

This process helps to manage lactic acid levels in the muscles.

99
Q

What method can you use to measure breathing rate during exercise?

A

Counting breaths

This can be done before and after different levels of exercise.

100
Q

What is the expected trend in pulse rate with increasing exercise intensity?

A

Pulse rate increases

Higher intensity requires more oxygen delivery to muscles.

101
Q

What is a good practice to reduce random errors when measuring pulse rate in a group?

A

Plot the average pulse rate for each exercise

This helps to smooth out individual variations.

102
Q

How can you find your pulse?

A

By putting two fingers on the inside of your wrist or neck

Count the number of pulses in one minute.

Biology (4 decks)

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