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Biology > B4 > Flashcards

B4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is made up of all the plants and animals living there and their surroundings.

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2
Q

What is a habitat?

A

A habitat is where a plant or animal lives.

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3
Q

What is a community?

A

All the animals and plants that live in a habitat make up a community.

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4
Q

What is a population?

A

A collection of species living in an ecosystem.

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5
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

All the non-living, physical factors in an environment.

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6
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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7
Q

What do plants need for photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight, Carbon dioxide, water

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8
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In chloroplasts in plant cells.

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9
Q

What is glucose in plants used for?

A

* Respiration * Making proteins * Stored in seeds * Converted into cellulose for making cell walls * Stored as starch in roots, stems and leaves

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10
Q

Who discovered that plants gain mass by taking in water?

A

Jan Van Helmont

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11
Q

What did Priestley’s experiments show?

A

That plants produce oxygen.

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12
Q

Where does the oxygen produced in photosynthesis come from?

A

Water

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13
Q

What are the three limiting factors for the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light, carbon dioxide and temperature.

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14
Q

What happens if it’s too hot for photosynthesis?

A

The enzymes become denatured.

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15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area if low concentration.

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16
Q

What can diffusion happen in?

A

Liquids and gases.

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17
Q

What two processes do plants carry out?

A

Photosynthesis and respiration.

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18
Q

How do plants exchange gases?

A

By diffusion.

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19
Q

What process can only happen during the day?

A

Photosynthesis

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20
Q

What process can happen all the time?

A

Respiration

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21
Q

What opens to allow gases?

A

The stoma

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22
Q

How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis?

A

They’re broad, thin, have holes called stomata, have guard cells and air spaces in the spongy mesophyll layer.

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23
Q

How are leaves adapted to absorb light?

A

They’re broad, have chloroplasts, different pigments to absorb different wavelengths of light and a transparent upper epidermis.

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24
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from higher water concentration to lower water concentration.

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25
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

One with very small holes in it.

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26
Q

What happens to the cells when a plant is well watered?

A

The cells become turgid.

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27
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

The pressure caused by water entering the plant cells which cause them to become turgid as the contents is pushed against the rigid cell wall

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28
Q

What does turgor pressure do?

A

Helps support the plant tissues.

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29
Q

What happens to plant cells that aren’t well watered?

A

They become flaccid and then plasmolysed.

30
Q

What happens to a plant if there’s not enough water?

A

It starts to wilt or droop.

31
Q

Why do animal cells with lots of water in them burst?

A

They don’t have an inelastic cell wall.

32
Q

What happens to animal cells that gain water and animal cells that lose water?

A

The ones that gain burst or lysis. The ones that lose water crenate.

33
Q

What are the two types of plant vessels?

A

Xylem and phloem

34
Q

What do phloem cells transport?

A

Food

35
Q

What do xylem cells transport?

A

Water

36
Q

What are phloem cells made of?

A

Living cell with perforated endplates to allow stuff to flow through.

37
Q

What are xylem cells made of?

A

Dead cells joined together with no end walls.

38
Q

How do root hairs take in water?

A

By osmosis (higher concentration of water in soil than in plant).

39
Q

What causes transpiration?

A

Evaporation and diffusion of water vapour from inside the leaves.

40
Q

What is the process of transpiration?

A

Water enters the plant through the roots and then evaporates out from the leaves.

41
Q

Where are the xylem and phloem in a root?

A

They’re in the centre to give it strength.

42
Q

Where are the xylem and phloem in the stem?

A

In the outside to form scaffolding.

43
Q

Where are the xylem and phloem in the leaf?

A

They make up a network of veins to support the leaves.

44
Q

How are root hair cells optimised for absorbing minerals from the soil?

A

The root hair cells have a large surface areas for absorbing minerals from the soil

45
Q

What process is used to move minerals into the root?

A

The process of active transport

46
Q

How does active transport work?

A

Active transport works using energy from respiration to move minerals from low to high concentrations

47
Q

Why do things decay?

A

Due to microorganisms.

48
Q

What are the four factors that affect transpiration rate?

A

Light intensity, temperature, air movement and air humidity.

49
Q

How is the chlorophyll optimised?

A

It contains lots of different types of pigment, which absorb varying wavelengths.

50
Q

What is a natural ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem that maintains itself without any major interference from humans. E.g. Native woodlands and natural lakes

51
Q

What are artificial ecosystems?

A

Ecosystems that are created and maintained by humans. E.g. forestry plantations and fish farms

52
Q

What is the biodiversity like in a natural ecosystem?

A

Higher biodiversity.

53
Q

What is the biodiversity like in an artificial ecosystem?

A

Not very much biodiversity.

54
Q

Where are palisade cells found?

A

In the upper epidermis layer

55
Q

What purpose are palisade cells optimised for?

A

Photosynthesis

56
Q

How are palisade cells optimised for photosynthesis?

A

They contain lots of chloroplasts and are stacked vertically in the leaf.

57
Q

What are the four main steps to calculate a population size using the recapture method?

A

1)Collect a sample of animals and mark them 2)Release them 3)Recapture a second sample 4)Use the equation to calculate population size based on how many were marked during the second capture.

58
Q

What is the equation for calculating population size?

A

Population = number in first sample* number in second sample / number in second sample which were marked

59
Q

What are the bad assumptions which come with using the capture-recapture method?

A

*No changes in the population size due to death, or immigration. *The way the creatures were caught was the same each time. *Marking hasn’t effected the rate of survival of the organisms.

60
Q

What was the experiment Jan Van Helmont conducted?

A

He dried out some soil, weighed it and put it in a pot, he then planted a tree in the pot and regularly watered it. 5 years later he removed the tree from the pot and discovered it had gained lots of mass, although the mass of the soil had changed very little. He concluded the tree must have absorbed water to gain the mass.

61
Q

Why is starch good for storing glucose?

A

It is insoluble which means: * It can’t dissolve in water and move away from storage areas. * It doesn’t effect the water concentration I cells.

62
Q

Give 4 abiotic factors?

A

*Temperature *Oxygen levels *Salt concentration in water *Light intensity

63
Q

What 4 minerals do plants need?

A

1) Magnesium
2) Nitrates
3) Phosphates
4) Potassium

64
Q

What are Nitrates used for?

A

Nitrates are used for making amino acids.

65
Q

What are Phosphates used for?

A

Phosphates are needed for making DNA along with respiration and growth.

66
Q

What is Potassium used for?

A

Potassium is used to help enzymes.

67
Q

What is magnesium used for?

A

Magnesium is used for making chlorophyll.

68
Q

What process is used to take minerals in from the soil?

A

Minerals are moved using active transport.

69
Q

What causes items to decay?

A

Microorganisms cause items to decay.

70
Q
A

Biology (4 decks)

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