B1 Flashcards
What is Health?
Being free of any infections or disease
What is fitness?
The ability to do physical activity
In which ways can fitness be measured?
Strength, Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Stamina
What is stamina an indication of?
Cardiovascular efficiency, the ability of the heart to supply the muscles with oxygen.
What blood vessel carries the blood away from the heart?
The arteries carry the blood away from the heart.
What blood vessel carries blood to the heart?
The veins carry blood to the heart
What units ins blood pressure measured in?
Blood pressure is measured in mm of Mercury (mmHg)`
What is systolic pressure?
When the heart contracts
What is diastolic pressure?
When the heart relaxes
Which number is largest? The systolic or the diastolic pressure.
The systolic pressure is higher
What factors can cause High blood pressure?
Smoking, being overweight, drinking too much alcohol, being under stress.
What can happen if someone has high blood pressure?
Blood vessels can burst, this can cause strokes and brain damage. It can also cause damage to the kidneys.
What is a stroke?
When a blood vessel bursts in the brain, commonly due to high blood pressure.
What is the main implication of low blood pressure?
Can cause poor circulation, cells don’t get enough oxygen and food.
What is a common symptom of low blood pressure?
Dizziness and fainting, as not enough blood reaches the brain
How does smoking lead to high blood pressure?
Smoking causes high blood pressure because carbon monoxide readily binds to the haemoglobin which causes the blood to carry less oxygen. This causes the heart to work harder to move a unit of oxygen.
How else does smoking cause an increase in blood pressure?
Nicotine is a stimulant which increases the rate at which the heart contracts. This causes a higher blood pressure.
What is heart disease?
Any disease which affects the heart.
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a fatty substance.
What causes more cholesterol in the blood?
Eating too much saturate fat.
Where does too much cholesterol start to build up?
In the arteries
What happens when too much cholesterol builds up in the arteries?
Plaques form, which narrows the artery and restricts the flow of blood.
What happens if too much plaque builds up?
You can have a heart attack
Apart from saturated fats, what else can cause high blood pressure?
Salt
How does salt cause high blood pressure?
Causes more sodium to be created in the bloodstream, which means the kidneys need to produce more water. This increases the volume of blood.
What do narrow arteries increase the risk of?
A heart attack
Why do narrow arteries increase the risk of a heart attack?
Because they limit blood from getting to the heart.
What is a thrombosis?
When blood is completely stopped getting to the heart muscles.
What are carbohydrates made up of?
Simple sugars, such as glucose
What are fats made up of?
Fatty acids, such as glycerol.
Where are fats stored?
Fats are stored under the skin and around organs
What are proteins made up of?
Amino Acids
Are proteins stored,
No, they are not stored.
What factors vary whether a diet is balanced?
Age, gender, level of activity
Why do some people choose to eat different diets?
Religion, medical, personal reasons (e.g. vegetarian/vegan).
What is an example of a personal reason for eating a different diet?
Being vegetarian
What is an example of a medical reason for eating a different diet?
Having an allergy
What condition can eating too little cause?
Kwashiorkor causes a swollen stomach.
Why do people in developing countries have low protein diets?
Because of overpopulation or poverty
What is EAR?
EAR is the amount in grams of protein a person should consume per day.
What is the formula to calculate EAR?
EAR(g) = 0.6 x Boddy mass(Kg)
What is a potential issue with relying on EAR?
It’s only an estimate, teenagers and children need more protein as they are growing.
What causes people to have eating disorders?
Psychological preconceptions of body image, low self-esteem.
What is BMI?
BMI stands for Body Mass Index
What is BMI a measure of?
If someone is underweight, overweight, obese or clinically obese.
What is the formula to calculate BMI?
BMI = boddy mass(kg) / height squared (m)
What range is a normal BMI?
18.5-24.9
What is a pathogen?
A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease
What are the four types pathogen?
Fungi, bacteria, viruses and protozoa.
What is a protozoa?
A single-celled organism which causes disease. Such as malaria.
What is a parasite?
Something which lives of another organism (host) and causes it harm.
What is something which carries a disease without being infected?
A vector
What ways can people ‘deal with’ mosquitoes?
Use mosquito nets, destroy eggs.
What part of the body destroys pathogens?
The white blood cells
What is a non-specific response?
The white blood cells engulf the pathogens
What is a specific response?
Producing antibodies
What is the purpose of antibodies?
They ‘stick’ to the antigens on the pathogen and help destroy them.
What factors can decrease your blood pressure?
Regular exercise and eating a balanced diet.
How can your general level of fitness be measured?
Cardiovascular efficiency.
How is the risk of getting a heart disease increased?
- A high level of saturated fat in the diet, leads up to a build-up of cholesterol in arteries.- High levels of salt, which can increase blood pressure.
What are the three main chemicals in foods?
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
What are the 5 main types of drugs?
1) Depressants
2)Painkillers
3)Stimulants
4)Performance Enhancers
5)Hallucinogens
What is an example of a depressant?
Alcohol is a common example of a depressant.
What are three examples of painkillers?
1)Paracetamol
2)Vicodin
3)Morphine
What is an example of a Stimulant?
Nicotine and caffeine are two common stimulants.
What is an example of a performance enhancer?
Steroids
What is an example of a hallucinogenic?
LSD is a hallucinogenic drug.
What effect do stimulants have on the synapse?
Stimulants cause more neurotransmitter substances to cross the synapse.
What effect do depressants have on the synapse?
Depressants block the transmission of nerve impulses over the synapse by binding to the receptors.
What is the name of the cell responsible for the movement of mucus?
Cilia cells contain tiny hairs which move mucus away from the lungs.
Explain what causes a smokers cough.
A Smokers Cough is caused when the dust and particles from the cigarettes collect in the epithelial lining resulting in irritation and the inability to move mucus.
What is the unit used to measure the amount of alcohol in an alcoholic drink?
Units of alcohol
What is the main problem with driving after drinking alcohol?
Alcohol increases the driver’s reaction time resulting in an increased chance of an accident.
What does Alcohol do to the liver?
cirrhosis of the liver is caused by an excessive alcohol intake.
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis is a constant internal environment.
Give two examples of systems controlled by homeostasis.
1)Temprature
2)Carbon dioxide
What is a normal body temprature
37cis a healthy body temprature
Why is 37 degrees a good body temprature?
Because it is the optimal temprature for enzymes
What can a high temprature cause?
A high tempraturecan cause heat strokeanddehydration
What is the purpose of sweating?
Sweatingincreases heat transfer from the body to the environment
What gland in the brain monitors temprature?
The hypothalamusgland
What isvasoconstriction?
vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessles
What isvasodilation?
vasodilation is the widening of blood vessles
What isnegative feedback?
negative feedback is the system used to control homeostasis, it works by cancleing out a change such as an increase in body temprature.
Whathormonecontrols blood sugarlevels
insulin is the hormone used to control blood sugarlevels
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?
type 1diabetes is caused by the pancreas not producing any insulin
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?
type 2diabetes is caused by the body not reacting to insulin or by the body not produicing enoguh insulin
What is the purpose of insulin?
The purpose of insulin is to convert excess glucose to glycogenThis regulates the blood sugarlevels
What is the tratemnt of type one diabetes?
The treatment of type one diabetes is the presecription of insulin
What is the tratemnt of type two diabetes?
The treatment of type two diabetes is a better diet and excercise
What is phototropism?
Phototropismis the plants growth in response to light
What is geotropism?
Geotropismis the plants growth in response to gravity
How doesphototropism effect the shoots
Shootsare positivley phototropic, meaning they grow towards the light
How doesphototropism effect the roots
Rootsare negativley phototropic, meaning they grow away from the light
How doesgeotropism effect the shoots
Shootsare negativley geotropic, meaning they grow away from the pull of gravity
How doesgeotropism effect the roots
Rootsare positivley geotropic, meaning they grow with the pull of gravity
What isAuxin?
Auxin is a group of plant hormones that are involved in phototropism and geotropism
What twoparts of the plant produceauxin?
The root and Shoot tips produce Auxin
What are threeuses of planthormones?
weedkillers, as rooting powder or to control dormancy in seeds
What are thetwotypes ofgene?
The two types of gene are dominantandrecessive
What is anallele?
An allele is a different version of the same Gene
When aredomiant andrecessive allelesexpressed ?
Resessive alleles are only expressed in the absence of a dominantallele although domiant alleles are expressed regardless of the presence of a recessiveallele
How many chromosomes does a normal person have?
The average person has 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent.
What two chromosomes determine the gender of a person?
The X and Y chromosomes.
What pair of chromosomes makes a person male?
XY chromosomes make a person male.
What pair of chromosomes makes a person female?
XX chromosomes make a person female.
What chromosome does an egg always contain?
An X chromosome.
What chromosomes does a sperm always contain?
A sperm always carries either an X or a Y chromosome.
What three things cause genetic variation?
1) Random mutations
2) Rearrangement of genes during the formation of gametes
3) Fertilization, alleles combine from both parents.
What is a monohybrid cross?
When one pair of characteristics are controlled by a single gene but one allele is dominant and the other is recessive.
What does Homozygous mean?
Homozygous is when both alleles are the same.
What does Heterozygous mean?
Heterozygous is having different alleles.
What is a persons genotype?
Their genetic composition.
What is a persons Phenotype?
The Phenotype is what alleles are expressed.
