B1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Health?
A
Being free of any infections or disease
2
Q
What is fitness?
A
The ability to do physical activity
3
Q
In which ways can fitness be measured?
A
Strength, Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Stamina
4
Q
What is stamina an indication of?
A
Cardiovascular efficiency, the ability of the heart to supply the muscles with oxygen.
5
Q
What blood vessel carries the blood away from the heart?
A
The arteries carry the blood away from the heart.
6
Q
What blood vessel carries blood to the heart?
A
The veins carry blood to the heart
7
Q
What units ins blood pressure measured in?
A
Blood pressure is measured in mm of Mercury (mmHg)`
8
Q
What is systolic pressure?
A
When the heart contracts
9
Q
What is diastolic pressure?
A
When the heart relaxes
10
Q
Which number is largest? The systolic or the diastolic pressure.
A
The systolic pressure is higher
11
Q
What factors can cause High blood pressure?
A
Smoking, being overweight, drinking too much alcohol, being under stress.
12
Q
What can happen if someone has high blood pressure?
A
Blood vessels can burst, this can cause strokes and brain damage. It can also cause damage to the kidneys.
13
Q
What is a stroke?
A
When a blood vessel bursts in the brain, commonly due to high blood pressure.
14
Q
What is the main implication of low blood pressure?
A
Can cause poor circulation, cells don’t get enough oxygen and food.
15
Q
What is a common symptom of low blood pressure?
A
Dizziness and fainting, as not enough blood reaches the brain
16
Q
How does smoking lead to high blood pressure?
A
Smoking causes high blood pressure because carbon monoxide readily binds to the haemoglobin which causes the blood to carry less oxygen. This causes the heart to work harder to move a unit of oxygen.
17
Q
How else does smoking cause an increase in blood pressure?
A
Nicotine is a stimulant which increases the rate at which the heart contracts. This causes a higher blood pressure.
18
Q
What is heart disease?
A
Any disease which affects the heart.
19
Q
What is cholesterol?
A
Cholesterol is a fatty substance.
20
Q
What causes more cholesterol in the blood?
A
Eating too much saturate fat.
21
Q
Where does too much cholesterol start to build up?
A
In the arteries
22
Q
What happens when too much cholesterol builds up in the arteries?
A
Plaques form, which narrows the artery and restricts the flow of blood.
23
Q
What happens if too much plaque builds up?
A
You can have a heart attack
24
Q
Apart from saturated fats, what else can cause high blood pressure?
A
Salt
25
How does salt cause high blood pressure?
Causes more sodium to be created in the bloodstream, which means the kidneys need to produce more water. This increases the volume of blood.
26
What do narrow arteries increase the risk of?
A heart attack
27
Why do narrow arteries increase the risk of a heart attack?
Because they limit blood from getting to the heart.
28
What is a thrombosis?
When blood is completely stopped getting to the heart muscles.
29
What are carbohydrates made up of?
Simple sugars, such as glucose
30
What are fats made up of?
Fatty acids, such as glycerol.
31
Where are fats stored?
Fats are stored under the skin and around organs
32
What are proteins made up of?
Amino Acids
33
Are proteins stored,
No, they are not stored.
34
What factors vary whether a diet is balanced?
Age, gender, level of activity
35
Why do some people choose to eat different diets?
Religion, medical, personal reasons (e.g. vegetarian/vegan).
36
What is an example of a personal reason for eating a different diet?
Being vegetarian
37
What is an example of a medical reason for eating a different diet?
Having an allergy
38
What condition can eating too little cause?
Kwashiorkor causes a swollen stomach.
39
Why do people in developing countries have low protein diets?
Because of overpopulation or poverty
40
What is EAR?
EAR is the amount in grams of protein a person should consume per day.
41
What is the formula to calculate EAR?
EAR(g) = 0.6 x Boddy mass(Kg)
42
What is a potential issue with relying on EAR?
It's only an estimate, teenagers and children need more protein as they are growing.
43
What causes people to have eating disorders?
Psychological preconceptions of body image, low self-esteem.
44
What is BMI?
BMI stands for Body Mass Index
45
What is BMI a measure of?
If someone is underweight, overweight, obese or clinically obese.
46
What is the formula to calculate BMI?
BMI = boddy mass(kg) / height squared (m)
47
What range is a normal BMI?
18.5-24.9
48
What is a pathogen?
A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease
49
What are the four types pathogen?
Fungi, bacteria, viruses and protozoa.
50
What is a protozoa?
A single-celled organism which causes disease. Such as malaria.
51
What is a parasite?
Something which lives of another organism (host) and causes it harm.
52
What is something which carries a disease without being infected?
A vector
53
What ways can people 'deal with' mosquitoes?
Use mosquito nets, destroy eggs.
54
What part of the body destroys pathogens?
The white blood cells
55
What is a non-specific response?
The white blood cells engulf the pathogens
56
What is a specific response?
Producing antibodies
57
What is the purpose of antibodies?
They 'stick' to the antigens on the pathogen and help destroy them.
58
What factors can decrease your blood pressure?
Regular exercise and eating a balanced diet.
59
How can your general level of fitness be measured?
Cardiovascular efficiency.
60
How is the risk of getting a heart disease increased?
- A high level of saturated fat in the diet, leads up to a build-up of cholesterol in arteries.- High levels of salt, which can increase blood pressure.
61
What are the three main chemicals in foods?
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
62
What are the **5** main types of drugs?
**1)** Depressants
**2)**Painkillers
**3)**Stimulants
**4)**Performance Enhancers
**5)**Hallucinogens
63
What is an example of a **depressant**?
**Alcohol** is a common example of a depressant.
64
What are **three** examples of **painkillers**?
**1)**Paracetamol
**2)**Vicodin
**3)**Morphine
65
What is an example of a **Stimulant?**
Nicotine and caffeine are two common stimulants.
66
What is an example of a **performance enhancer**?
**Steroids**
67
What is an example of a hallucinogenic?
**LSD** is a hallucinogenic drug.
68
What **effect** do stimulants have on the **synapse**?
**Stimulants** cause more neurotransmitter substances to cross the synapse.
69
What **effect** do **depressants** have on the **synapse**?
**Depressants** block the transmission of nerve impulses over the synapse by binding to the **receptors**.
70
What is the **name** of the **cell** responsible for the **movement** of **mucus**?
**Cilia** cells contain tiny hairs which move **mucus** away from the **lungs**.
71
**Explain** what causes a **smokers** **cough**.
A **Smokers Cough** is caused when the dust and particles from the cigarettes collect in the **epithelial lining** resulting in **irritation** and the **inability** to move **mucus**.
72
What is the **unit** used to measure the amount of **alcohol** in an alcoholic drink?
**Units of alcohol**
73
What is the main problem with **driving** after drinking **alcohol**?
**Alcohol** increases the driver's **reaction time** resulting in an **increased chance** of an **accident**.
74
What does **Alcohol** do to the **liver**?
**cirrhosis of the liver** is caused by an excessive alcohol intake.
75
What is **Homeostasis?**
**Homeostasis** is a **constant internal environment.**
76
Give two **examples** of **systems** controlled by homeostasis.
**1)**Temprature
**2)**Carbon dioxide
77
What is a normal body **temprature**
**37c**is a healthy body temprature
78
Why is **37 degrees** a good body temprature?
Because it is the optimal temprature for **enzymes**
79
What can a **high temprature** cause?
A **high temprature**can cause **heat stroke**and**dehydration**
80
What is the purpose of **sweating**?
**Sweating**increases heat transfer from the body to the environment
81
What gland in the brain **monitors temprature**?
The **hypothalamus**gland
82
What is**vasoconstriction**?
**vasoconstriction** is the **narrowing** of blood vessles
83
What is**vasodilation**?
**vasodilation** is the **widening** of blood vessles
84
What is**negative feedback**?
**negative feedback** is the system used to control **homeostasis**, it works by cancleing out a change such as an increase in body temprature.
85
What**hormone**controls **blood sugar**levels
**insulin** is the **hormone** used to control **blood sugar**levels
86
What is the cause of **type 1 diabetes?**
**type 1**diabetes is caused by the pancreas not producing any **insulin**
87
What is the cause of **type 2 diabetes?**
**type 2**diabetes is caused by the body not **reacting to insulin** or by the body not **produicing enoguh insulin**
88
What is the **purpose** of **insulin**?
The **purpose** of insulin is to convert excess glucose to **glycogen**This regulates the **blood sugar**levels
89
What is the **tratemnt** of **type one** diabetes?
The **treatment** of **type one** diabetes is the presecription of **insulin**
90
What is the **tratemnt** of **type two** diabetes?
The **treatment** of **type two** diabetes is a **better diet and excercise**
91
What is **phototropism**?
**Phototropism**is the plants growth in response to **light**
92
What is **geotropism**?
**Geotropism**is the plants growth in response to **gravity**
93
How does**phototropism** effect the **shoots**
**Shoots**are **positivley** phototropic, meaning they grow **towards** the light
94
How does**phototropism** effect the **roots**
**Roots**are **negativley** phototropic, meaning they grow **away** from the light
95
How does**geotropism** effect the **shoots**
**Shoots**are **negativley** geotropic, meaning they grow **away** from the pull of **gravity**
96
How does**geotropism** effect the **roots**
**Roots**are **positivley** geotropic, meaning they grow **with** the pull of **gravity**
97
What is**Auxin**?
**Auxin** is a group of **plant hormones** that are involved in **phototropism** and **geotropism**
98
What **two**parts of the plant produce**auxin**?
The **root** and **Shoot tips** produce **Auxin**
99
What are **three**uses of plant**hormones**?
**weedkillers**, as **rooting powder** or to **control dormancy** in seeds
100
What are the**two**types of**gene**?
The **two** types of gene are **dominant**and**recessive**
101
What is an**allele**?
An **allele** is a different version of the same **Gene**
102
When are**domiant** and**recessive alleles**expressed ?
Resessive alleles are only expressed in the **absence** of a **dominant**allele although domiant alleles are expressed regardless of the presence of a **recessive**allele
103
How many **chromosomes** does a normal person have?
The average person has **46** chromosomes, **23** from each parent.
104
What **two** **chromosomes** determine the **gender** of a person?
The **X** and **Y** chromosomes.
105
What **pair** of **chromosomes** makes a person male?
**XY** chromosomes make a person **male.**
106
What **pair** of chromosomes makes a person **female**?
**XX** chromosomes make a person **female**.
107
What **chromosome** does an **egg** always contain?
An **X** chromosome.
108
What **chromosomes** does a **sperm** always contain?
A **sperm** always carries either an **X** or a **Y** chromosome.
109
What **three** things cause **genetic variation**?
1) Random **mutations**
2) **Rearrangement** of genes during the formation of **gametes**
3) **Fertilization**, alleles **combine** from both parents.
110
What is a **monohybrid cross**?
When one pair of **characteristics** are controlled by a **single gene** but one allele is **dominant** and the other is **recessive**.
111
What does **Homozygous** mean?
**Homozygous** is when both **alleles** are the same.
112
What does **Heterozygous** mean?
**Heterozygous** is having different **alleles**.
113
What is a persons **genotype**?
Their **genetic** composition.
114
What is a persons **Phenotype**?
The **Phenotype** is what alleles are **expressed**.
