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Biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Health?

A

Being free of any infections or disease

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2
Q

What is fitness?

A

The ability to do physical activity

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3
Q

In which ways can fitness be measured?

A

Strength, Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Stamina

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4
Q

What is stamina an indication of?

A

Cardiovascular efficiency, the ability of the heart to supply the muscles with oxygen.

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5
Q

What blood vessel carries the blood away from the heart?

A

The arteries carry the blood away from the heart.

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6
Q

What blood vessel carries blood to the heart?

A

The veins carry blood to the heart

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7
Q

What units ins blood pressure measured in?

A

Blood pressure is measured in mm of Mercury (mmHg)`

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8
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

When the heart contracts

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9
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

When the heart relaxes

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10
Q

Which number is largest? The systolic or the diastolic pressure.

A

The systolic pressure is higher

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11
Q

What factors can cause High blood pressure?

A

Smoking, being overweight, drinking too much alcohol, being under stress.

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12
Q

What can happen if someone has high blood pressure?

A

Blood vessels can burst, this can cause strokes and brain damage. It can also cause damage to the kidneys.

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13
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When a blood vessel bursts in the brain, commonly due to high blood pressure.

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14
Q

What is the main implication of low blood pressure?

A

Can cause poor circulation, cells don’t get enough oxygen and food.

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15
Q

What is a common symptom of low blood pressure?

A

Dizziness and fainting, as not enough blood reaches the brain

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16
Q

How does smoking lead to high blood pressure?

A

Smoking causes high blood pressure because carbon monoxide readily binds to the haemoglobin which causes the blood to carry less oxygen. This causes the heart to work harder to move a unit of oxygen.

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17
Q

How else does smoking cause an increase in blood pressure?

A

Nicotine is a stimulant which increases the rate at which the heart contracts. This causes a higher blood pressure.

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18
Q

What is heart disease?

A

Any disease which affects the heart.

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19
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is a fatty substance.

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20
Q

What causes more cholesterol in the blood?

A

Eating too much saturate fat.

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21
Q

Where does too much cholesterol start to build up?

A

In the arteries

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22
Q

What happens when too much cholesterol builds up in the arteries?

A

Plaques form, which narrows the artery and restricts the flow of blood.

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23
Q

What happens if too much plaque builds up?

A

You can have a heart attack

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24
Q

Apart from saturated fats, what else can cause high blood pressure?

A

Salt

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25
Q

How does salt cause high blood pressure?

A

Causes more sodium to be created in the bloodstream, which means the kidneys need to produce more water. This increases the volume of blood.

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26
Q

What do narrow arteries increase the risk of?

A

A heart attack

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27
Q

Why do narrow arteries increase the risk of a heart attack?

A

Because they limit blood from getting to the heart.

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28
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

When blood is completely stopped getting to the heart muscles.

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29
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Simple sugars, such as glucose

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30
Q

What are fats made up of?

A

Fatty acids, such as glycerol.

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31
Q

Where are fats stored?

A

Fats are stored under the skin and around organs

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32
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino Acids

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33
Q

Are proteins stored,

A

No, they are not stored.

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34
Q

What factors vary whether a diet is balanced?

A

Age, gender, level of activity

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35
Q

Why do some people choose to eat different diets?

A

Religion, medical, personal reasons (e.g. vegetarian/vegan).

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36
Q

What is an example of a personal reason for eating a different diet?

A

Being vegetarian

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37
Q

What is an example of a medical reason for eating a different diet?

A

Having an allergy

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38
Q

What condition can eating too little cause?

A

Kwashiorkor causes a swollen stomach.

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39
Q

Why do people in developing countries have low protein diets?

A

Because of overpopulation or poverty

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40
Q

What is EAR?

A

EAR is the amount in grams of protein a person should consume per day.

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41
Q

What is the formula to calculate EAR?

A

EAR(g) = 0.6 x Boddy mass(Kg)

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42
Q

What is a potential issue with relying on EAR?

A

It’s only an estimate, teenagers and children need more protein as they are growing.

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43
Q

What causes people to have eating disorders?

A

Psychological preconceptions of body image, low self-esteem.

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44
Q

What is BMI?

A

BMI stands for Body Mass Index

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45
Q

What is BMI a measure of?

A

If someone is underweight, overweight, obese or clinically obese.

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46
Q

What is the formula to calculate BMI?

A

BMI = boddy mass(kg) / height squared (m)

47
Q

What range is a normal BMI?

A

18.5-24.9

48
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease

49
Q

What are the four types pathogen?

A

Fungi, bacteria, viruses and protozoa.

50
Q

What is a protozoa?

A

A single-celled organism which causes disease. Such as malaria.

51
Q

What is a parasite?

A

Something which lives of another organism (host) and causes it harm.

52
Q

What is something which carries a disease without being infected?

A

A vector

53
Q

What ways can people ‘deal with’ mosquitoes?

A

Use mosquito nets, destroy eggs.

54
Q

What part of the body destroys pathogens?

A

The white blood cells

55
Q

What is a non-specific response?

A

The white blood cells engulf the pathogens

56
Q

What is a specific response?

A

Producing antibodies

57
Q

What is the purpose of antibodies?

A

They ‘stick’ to the antigens on the pathogen and help destroy them.

58
Q

What factors can decrease your blood pressure?

A

Regular exercise and eating a balanced diet.

59
Q

How can your general level of fitness be measured?

A

Cardiovascular efficiency.

60
Q

How is the risk of getting a heart disease increased?

A
  • A high level of saturated fat in the diet, leads up to a build-up of cholesterol in arteries.- High levels of salt, which can increase blood pressure.
61
Q

What are the three main chemicals in foods?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

62
Q

What are the 5 main types of drugs?

A

1) Depressants

2)Painkillers

3)Stimulants

4)Performance Enhancers

5)Hallucinogens

63
Q

What is an example of a depressant?

A

Alcohol is a common example of a depressant.

64
Q

What are three examples of painkillers?

A

1)Paracetamol

2)Vicodin

3)Morphine

65
Q

What is an example of a Stimulant?

A

Nicotine and caffeine are two common stimulants.

66
Q

What is an example of a performance enhancer?

A

​Steroids

67
Q

What is an example of a hallucinogenic?

A

LSD is a hallucinogenic drug.

68
Q

What effect do stimulants have on the synapse?

A

Stimulants cause more neurotransmitter substances to cross the synapse.

69
Q

What effect do depressants have on the synapse?

A

Depressants block the transmission of nerve impulses over the synapse by binding to the receptors.

70
Q

What is the name of the cell responsible for the movement of mucus?

A

Cilia cells contain tiny hairs which move mucus away from the lungs.

71
Q

Explain what causes a smokers cough.

A

A Smokers Cough is caused when the dust and particles from the cigarettes collect in the epithelial lining resulting in irritation and the inability to move mucus.

72
Q

What is the unit used to measure the amount of alcohol in an alcoholic drink?

A

Units of alcohol

73
Q

What is the main problem with driving after drinking alcohol​?

A

Alcohol increases the driver’s reaction time resulting in an increased chance of an accident.

74
Q

What does Alcohol do to the liver?

A

cirrhosis of the liver is caused by an excessive alcohol intake.

75
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is a constant internal environment.

76
Q

Give two examples of systems controlled by homeostasis.

A

1)Temprature

2)Carbon dioxide

77
Q

What is a normal body temprature

A

37cis a healthy body temprature

78
Q

Why is 37 degrees a good body temprature?

A

Because it is the optimal temprature for enzymes

79
Q

What can a high temprature cause?

A

A high tempraturecan cause heat strokeanddehydration

80
Q

What is the purpose of sweating?

A

Sweatingincreases heat transfer from the body to the environment

81
Q

What gland in the brain monitors temprature?

A

The hypothalamusgland

82
Q

What isvasoconstriction?

A

vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessles

83
Q

What isvasodilation?

A

vasodilation is the widening of blood vessles

84
Q

What isnegative feedback?

A

negative feedback is the system used to control homeostasis, it works by cancleing out a change such as an increase in body temprature.

85
Q

Whathormonecontrols blood sugarlevels

A

insulin is the hormone used to control blood sugarlevels

86
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

type 1diabetes is caused by the pancreas not producing any insulin

87
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

A

type 2diabetes is caused by the body not reacting to insulin or by the body not produicing enoguh insulin

88
Q

What is the purpose of insulin?

A

The purpose of insulin is to convert excess glucose to glycogenThis regulates the blood sugarlevels

89
Q

What is the tratemnt of type one diabetes?

A

The treatment of type one diabetes is the presecription of insulin

90
Q

What is the tratemnt of type two diabetes?

A

The treatment of type two diabetes is a better diet and excercise

91
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Phototropismis the plants growth in response to light

92
Q

What is geotropism?

A

Geotropismis the plants growth in response to gravity

93
Q

How doesphototropism effect the shoots

A

Shootsare positivley phototropic, meaning they grow towards the light

94
Q

How doesphototropism effect the roots

A

Rootsare negativley phototropic, meaning they grow away from the light

95
Q

How doesgeotropism effect the shoots

A

Shootsare negativley geotropic, meaning they grow away from the pull of gravity

96
Q

How doesgeotropism effect the roots

A

Rootsare positivley geotropic, meaning they grow with the pull of gravity

97
Q

What isAuxin?

A

Auxin is a group of plant hormones that are involved in phototropism and geotropism

98
Q

What twoparts of the plant produceauxin?

A

The root and Shoot tips produce Auxin

99
Q

What are threeuses of planthormones?

A

weedkillers, as rooting powder or to control dormancy in seeds

100
Q

What are thetwotypes ofgene?

A

The two types of gene are dominantandrecessive

101
Q

What is anallele?

A

An allele is a different version of the same Gene

102
Q

When aredomiant andrecessive allelesexpressed ?

A

Resessive alleles are only expressed in the absence of a dominantallele although domiant alleles are expressed regardless of the presence of a recessiveallele

103
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal person have?

A

The average person has 46 chromosomes, 23​ from each parent.

104
Q

What two chromosomes determine the gender of a person?

A

The X and Y chromosomes.

105
Q

What pair of chromosomes makes a person male?

A

XY chromosomes make a person ​male.

106
Q

What pair of chromosomes makes a person female?

A

XX chromosomes make a person ​female.

107
Q

What chromosome does an egg always contain?

A

An X chromosome.

108
Q

What chromosomes does a sperm always contain?

A

A sperm always carries either an X or a Y chromosome.

109
Q

What three things cause genetic variation?

A

1) Random mutations
2) Rearrangement of genes during the formation of gametes
3) Fertilization, alleles combine from both parents.

110
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

When one pair of characteristics are controlled by a single gene but one allele is dominant and the other is recessive.

111
Q

What does Homozygous mean?

A

Homozygous is when both alleles are the same.

112
Q

What does Heterozygous mean?

A

Heterozygous is having different alleles.

113
Q

What is a persons genotype?

A

Their genetic composition.

114
Q

What is a persons Phenotype?

A

The Phenotype is what alleles are expressed.

Biology (4 decks)

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