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Biology > B4 > Flashcards

B4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals of the same species

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2
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of similar organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

What is a community?

A

When several populations of different species across all kingdoms live in a habitat

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4
Q

What is a habitat?

A

A place where an organism lives

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5
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Ecosystem is when communities interact with each other (biotic) and with the environment (abiotic)

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6
Q

What is interdependence?

A

This is when each species in a community depends on one another for food, shelter, pollination and seed dispersal

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7
Q

What organism is always trophic level 1?

A

Plants/photosynthesising algae

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8
Q

What is in an abiotic factor and name 3 examples?

A
  • an abiotic factor is a non living factor
  • example:
  • moisture levels
  • light intensity
  • temperature
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9
Q

What is a biotic factor and name 4 examples?

A
  • a biotic factor is a living factor
  • e.g
  • new predators
  • competition
  • new pathogens/parasites
  • availability of food
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10
Q

What is biomass and what does it equate to?

A
  • biomass is the dry weight of an organism and equates to the energy available from an organism
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11
Q

Why does the biomass/energy decrease at every trophic level? (4REASONS)

A
  1. Used for thermoregulation
  2. Used for respiration
  3. Used for movement
  4. Undigestable, waste
    - rest is converted to biomass
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12
Q

Explain the decay cycle?

A
  1. Plants and animals die and are decomposed by detritivores and decomposers
  2. these decomposers and detritivores respire and release CO2 back into the air
  3. This CO2 enters the plant through the stomata
  4. The plants are also eaten by animals, which respire and excrete
  5. This excretion is broken down by decomposers and detritivores which the plant once again uses for photosynthesis
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13
Q

How do you calculate rate of decay?

A

Change in Mass/ Time

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14
Q

What are the 3 conditions needed for decay?

A
  1. warm, 37 degrees is optimum as this is an enzyme controlled reaction
  2. moist, water helps transport and with most cellular reactions
  3. Oxygen is required for respiration which most microorganisms prefer
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15
Q

What is the difference between dentritvores and decomposers?

A
  • decomposers break down things at the microscopic level while detritivores break down large matter to increase its surface area for decomposers
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16
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle?

A
  1. Nitrogen in the air can go into some specific plants with nitrogen fixing bacteria, MAINLY HOWEVER nitrogen enters plants as nitrates through the soil
  2. made into plant protein which is eaten by animals and turned into animal protein
  3. When animals die/excrete, the nitrogen in the bodies/faeces are converted by decomposers into ammonia
  4. This ammonia is released to the soil and nitrifying bacteria in the soil turn it into nitrates
  5. nitrates from the soil can also be converted by denitrifying bacteria into nitrogen in the air
17
Q

What is the water cycle?

A
  1. Water from the sea is evaporated via the sun
  2. It rises, then cools and condenses to form clouds, which rain/precipitate
  3. water hits the ground and either percolates (goes through gaps in rocks) and reaches a river, which feeds back into the sea
  4. or the water is in the soil and absorbed by plants, and is lost via transpiration and evaporates into water vapour
18
Q

What is the carbon cycle?

A
  1. CO2 from the air is used by plants for photosynthesis
  2. plants are eaten by animals,which respire and release carbon dioxide (plants also respire)
  3. animals and plants can also die and if they decay, decomposers and detritivores decompose them and use this energy to respire and release CO2 back to the air
  4. if the animals and plants die and the conditions are not right for decay them fossil fuels can form over time, and these can be burnt by humans and release CO2
  5. aquatic plants and animals may also respire and carbon dioxide may dissolve in oceans making a carbon sink
19
Q

How to measure a size of population in a habitat that are not moving

A
  • use a quadrat
  • use a random number generator for co-ordinates
  • repeat for 10 quadrats (average then times by area)
  • only if it touches 2 sides of the small squares
20
Q

How to measure distribution of organisms?

A
  • use a transect/line transect across a habitat
  • quadrats used along the transect at regular intervals and organisms are counted
  • a repeat transect also must be done (parallel)

Biology (7 decks)

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