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Biology > B1 Cell-Level Systems > Flashcards

B1 Cell-Level Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the approximate size of an animal cell?

A

10 - 30 micrometers

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2
Q

List 5 of the main features/structures an animal cell contains

A
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • ribosome
  • cytoplasm
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3
Q

What is the approx size of a plant cell?

A

10 - 100 micrometres

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4
Q

Name 3 unique features that plant cells contain compared to animal cells

A
  • cell wall (made of cellulose )
  • vaccuole
  • chloroplast
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5
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A
  • eukaryotic cells have a cytoplasm, cell membrane and genetic material in a nucleus
  • prokaryotic cells have a cytoplasm and cell membrane but genetic material is not in a nucleus
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6
Q

What is the most common/most well known prokaryote?

A
  • B A C T E R I A
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7
Q

What is a plasmid?

A
  • A small strand of genetic material that may provide a genetic advantage and can spread in prokaryotes
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8
Q

How does bacteria reproduce?

A
  • All genetic material is doubled then the cell is split into 2, called BINARY FISSION
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9
Q

What does a slime capsule do?

A
  • a slime capsule protects the cell from physical and chemical attacks
  • It also prevents the cell from drying out
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10
Q

What does the flagellum do?

A

It is a tail like structure that allows the cell to move through liquid

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11
Q

What does the pili do?

A
  • They are tiny hairlike structure used to transfer genetic material between cells
  • Also enable cells to attach to other things
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12
Q

What 2 main features do bacteria cells not contain?

A
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
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13
Q

How do you observe cells through a microscope?

A
  1. Move the stage to the lowest position
  2. Use the lowest magnification objective lens
  3. Put your cells on the stage and raise to the highest position where they are not touching the lens
  4. Use the coarse focus to lower the stage until you see the blurry object
  5. Use the fine focus to clear up the image
  6. Use higher power objective lenses to see in more detail
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14
Q

What is the formula for total magnification?

A

TM = Eyepiece Magnification x Objective Magnification

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15
Q

What is methylene blue commonly used to stain?

A
  • nuclei of animal cells
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16
Q

What is iodine commonly used to stain?

A
  • plant cell nuclei
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17
Q

what is crystal violet commonly used to stain?

A
  • bacterial cell walls
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18
Q

Compare 6 differences between light and electron microscopes?

A
  • light microscopes are cheaper than electron microscopes
  • light microscopes are smaller and more portable than electron microscopes
  • light microscopes are much simpler to prepare a sample for than electron microscopes
  • With light microscopes you can see the original colour of the cells as compared to electron microscopes
  • Light microscopes can be used on either living or dead specimen, while electron microscopes can only be used on dead
  • Electron microscopes are 2000x more magnified than Light microscopes
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19
Q

What is a gene?

A

Sections of DNA (in a chromosome) that code for specific characteristics

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20
Q

What is each nucleotide made up of?

A
  • A phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar and a base
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21
Q

What are the complimentary base pairs?

A

A - T
C - G

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22
Q

Describe Transcription in 5 steps

A
  1. The DNA double helix strand unwinds in the place it needs to be copied
  2. One side of the strand is used as a template for the RNA
  3. Free RNA nucleotides in the nucleus (AU,CG) go to their complementary DNA base pair on the template strand
  4. Once they are all done the RNA monomers link and from mRNA
  5. the mRNA leaves the nucleus and the DNA winds back up
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23
Q

Describe Translation in 5 steps

A
  1. The mRNA exits the nucleus and comes to the cytoplasm to be ‘read’ by a ribosome
  2. the ribosome ‘reads’ the mRNA in groups of 3 bases/ codons
  3. it will then get the appropriate complementary base pair carrier molecule from the cytoplasm with its respective amino acid
  4. once the amino acid has been put in the ribosome, it is joined to the other amino acids, and the carrier molecule leaves the ribsome
  5. This continues until there is a chain of amino acids forming the protein
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24
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A Biological Catalyst

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25
Q

What type of biological molecule is a enzyme?

A

protein

26
Q

What is the optimum temperature for enzymes and what happens before and afterwards?

A
  • The Optimum temperature is 37 degrees,
  • after this the reaction slows and then stops as the enzyme denatures as the bonds between the amino acids start to weaken so the enzyme changes shape and the substrate no longer fits so it has been denatured
  • before this as the molecules need to bump into one another to react, with more temperature they have more kinetic energy and therefore move faster so RoR increases
27
Q

Where will you find enzymes that prefer acidic environments in the body?

A

S T O M A C H

28
Q

where will you find enzymes that prefer alkaline conditions in the body?

A

S M A L L I N T E S T I N E

29
Q

What does enzyme concentration do to rate of reaction

A
  • It will increase to the point where all the substrate is used up and then will fall to 0
30
Q

What does substrate concentration do to the rate of reaction?

A
  • This will increase the rate of reaction to a point and then it will flatline as all enzymes are being used so this is the max rate of reaction
31
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A
  • the speed at which energy is transferred from chemical stores in food via chemical reactions in cells
32
Q

What is the definition of aerobic respiration?

A
  • a series of reactions that transfers energy stored in glucose using oxygen
33
Q

is aerobic respiration exothermic or endothermic?

A

E X O T H E R M I C

34
Q

Formula for aerobic respiration?

A
  • Oxygen + Glucose -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
  • 6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 molecules of ATP
35
Q

Formula for anaerobic respiration? (animals)

A
  • Glucose -> Lactic Acid + 2 Molecules of ATP
36
Q

What is ATP gained from respiration used for?

A
  • to build larger molecules from smaller molecules, e.g protein
  • for muscle contraction/movement
  • to stay warm
  • to operate protein pumps for active transport
37
Q

How are mitochondria specialised for respiration?

A
  • they have inner membranes with lots of folds containing respiratory enzymes and to maximise surface area
38
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A
  • the amount of oxygen required to convert the lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water
39
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in plants?

A
  • Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
  • called fermentation
40
Q

How to test for carbohydrates and what are they broken into?

A
  • carbohydrates are broken down into their monomer which is sugar (carbs as polymer)
  • Can test for starch using iodine which turns from orange to blue black
  • Can test for sugars using Benedicts reagent which turns from blue to traffic lights (red is highest)
41
Q

What are carbohydrates used for in the body?

A
  • energy resource in respiration
42
Q

What is the test for proteins and what are they broken into?

A
  • broken into amino acids
  • test using biuret which goes from blue to pink or purple (purple is more sugar)
43
Q

What are proteins used for in the body

A
  • they are used for growth and repair, enzymes, antibodies and hormones
44
Q

What is the test for lipids and what are they broken into?

A
  • broken into gylercol + 3 fatty acids
  • ethanol goes cloudy
45
Q
A
46
Q

Enzymes in the body: Carbs

A
  • Enzyme is carbohydrase (e.g amylase, alkaline)
  • substrates are carbohydrates which is broken into sugars such as glucose
  • produced in the small intestine, pancreas and salivary glands
  • Starch is an example of a carbohydrate polymer
47
Q

Enzymes in the body: Proteins

A
  • Enzyme is protease, e.g pepsin (acidic)
  • breaks down protein (substrate) into amino acids
  • produced in the small intestine, pancreas and stomach
48
Q

Enzymes in the body: Lipids

A
  • enzyme is lipase
  • the substrate is lipids, broken down into glycerol + 3 fatty acids
  • made in the small intestine and pancreas
  • bile is also needed
  • Once the lipids are fully digested they are absorbed into the bloodstream from the villi in the small intestine
49
Q

What is digestion?

A
  • the breakdown of food from large insoluble molecules to smaller soluble molecules
50
Q

Photosynthesis:

A
  • Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen
  • 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
  • also uses light energy
  • takes place in the chloroplast
  • endothermic reaction
51
Q

What is the glucose from photosynthesis used for:

A
  1. to produce starch for storage
  2. to make cellulose for cell walls
  3. to make amino acids (with nitrate form the soil) to create proteins
  4. to carry out respiration
  5. to be stored as oils/lipids generally in seeds
52
Q

Light Dependent Stage of Photosynthesis

A
  • water is taken up the xylem to the leaf and and the water molecules are split into hydrogen and oxygen using light energy
  • takes place in the chloroplast, which is loacted at the top of the leaft for plently of sunlight
53
Q

Light Independent Stage of Photosynthesis

A
  • carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata
  • The carbon dioxide then reacts with the hydrogen and oxygen to from glucose and oxygen as a waste product, which leaves through the stomata
54
Q

Starch Test in Leaves

A
  1. boil the leaf for a minute to kill it
  2. put the leaf in a boiling tube of ethanol to clear chloroplasts (heat ethanol in water bath, FLAMMABLE)
  3. add some drops of iodine, blue black for starch present, orange brown for not
55
Q

Proving Light is needed for photosynthesis

A
  • take a destarched leaf, and cover a section wil black card and then place the leaf into sunlight for some hours
  • Test the leaft for starch and the only area that will not have any is the area covered by black card
56
Q

Proving Carbon Dioxide is needed for photosynthesis

A
  • take a destarched leaf/plant and place it in a polyethene bag
  • add a soda lime (absorbs carbon dioxide) and then seal the bag
  • Test for starch after a few hours
57
Q

Proving Oxygen is given off during photosynthesis

A
  • upturned test tube over an aquatic plant
  • place plant in plenty of light and leave for some hours
  • take the test tube off and put a glowing splint in
  • the splint will relight due to the oxygen
58
Q

How does Light intensity affect rate of photosynthesis

A
  • the higher the light intestity the faster the rate of photosynthesis until photosynthesis reaches its maximum rate
  • if there are low to no levels of light then photosynthesis will stop
59
Q

How does Carbon Dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • Carbon Dioxide is the most common limiting factor in photosynthesis as there is only 0.04% in the atmosphere
  • The greater the CO2 concetration the faster the rate of photosynthesis
60
Q

How does temperature affect rate of Photosynthesis

A
  • As Photosynthesis is an enzyme controlled reaction, increasing the temperature will increase the rate of reaction till about 37, after which the enzyme starts to denature
61
Q

How to calculate light intensity

A

1 / (distance from light source)2

62
Q
A

Biology (7 decks)

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