B3.2 - Turning Points in Biology Flashcards
What is an immunisation?
An immunisation is the prevention of certain diseases.
What is a vaccine?
A vaccine contains dead or inactive forms of pathogens to make you immune to a disease.
Who developed the first vaccine and what was disease was it for?
Edward Jenner. It was used for smallpox
What is herd immunity?
Resistance to the spread of a disease because a high population of people are immune.
What is a pathogen?
A harmful microorganism.
What is an antibody?
An antibody is a chemical that attacks and destroys pathogens.
How are antibodies created in the body?
Antibodies are created by white blood cells when a pathogen is detected by your immune system.
Why do some people choose not to be vaccinated?
The safety of some vaccines and the possible side effects.
What do antibiotics do?
They kill or slow down the growth of bacteria and fungi.
What do antibiotics not affect?
They do not affect viruses.
Who was the first person to create antibiotics and what did he discover?
Alexander Fleming. He discovered penicillin.
How would you find out the correct antibiotic to use on a specific bacteria?
Use an agar plate which has the bacteria spread out over it.
Then place antibiotic discs (paper discs soaked in an antibiotic) on the surface of the agar.
The disc with the largest inhibition zone (area where bacteria has grown least) is the one that is most successful against the bacteria.
What does sterile mean?
Clean of microorganisms.
How do antibiotics kill fungi and bacteria?
They disrupt the cell function or break down the cell wall.
What is a resistant bacteria?
It is bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics (antibiotic resistance).
What are alterations in DNA called?
Mutations
How can bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?
They can have mutations. (natural selection example)
What is the scientific term for painkillers?
Analgesics
What is a super bug?
A super bug is a bacteria that is resistant to multiple types of antibiotics.
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the correct order (ascending) for these:
chromosomes , nucleus , DNA , genes , cell
genes → DNA → chromosomes → nucleus → cell
How many strands is DNA made up of?
It is made up of 2 strands
What are the strands in DNA connected by?
Chemicals called DNA bases
What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix
What are the 4 DNA bases?
A and T (Adenine and Thymine)
C and G (Cytosine and Guanine)
What do the order of the bases code for?
The order of the bases is a code for the order of amino acids, which make a specific protein.
Who said that organisms evolve as a result of natural selection?
Charles Darwin
What is natural selection?
Natural selection is when organisms adapt in order to survive in their environment.
Name 3 ways to prevent extinction
Use gene banks, conservation and captivity breeding
What is conservation?
Conservation is when you protect a natural environment to make sure habitats aren’t lost.
What are seed banks?
Seed banks are when you store seeds so that they can be preserved and grown in the future.
What is captive breeding?
Captive breeding is when humans breed animals in human-controlled environments.
What is an endangered species?
An endangered species is when there are very few organisms of the species left.
How did Charles Darwin come up with his theory?
He noticed that different finches had different beaks. The beak adapted to the type of food they ate.
