B3.2 - Turning Points in Biology

Question 1

What is an immunisation?

Answer 1

An immunisation is the prevention of certain diseases.

Question 2

What is a vaccine?

Answer 2

A vaccine contains dead or inactive forms of pathogens to make you immune to a disease.

Question 3

Who developed the first vaccine and what was disease was it for?

Answer 3

Edward Jenner. It was used for smallpox

Question 4

What is herd immunity?

Answer 4

Resistance to the spread of a disease because a high population of people are immune.

Question 5

What is a pathogen?

Answer 5

A harmful microorganism.

Question 6

What is an antibody?

Answer 6

An antibody is a chemical that attacks and destroys pathogens.

Question 7

How are antibodies created in the body?

Answer 7

Antibodies are created by white blood cells when a pathogen is detected by your immune system.

Question 8

Why do some people choose not to be vaccinated?

Answer 8

The safety of some vaccines and the possible side effects.

Question 9

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 9

They kill or slow down the growth of bacteria and fungi.

Question 10

What do antibiotics not affect?

Answer 10

They do not affect viruses.

Question 11

Who was the first person to create antibiotics and what did he discover?

Answer 11

Alexander Fleming. He discovered penicillin.

Question 12

How would you find out the correct antibiotic to use on a specific bacteria?

Answer 12

Use an agar plate which has the bacteria spread out over it.
Then place antibiotic discs (paper discs soaked in an antibiotic) on the surface of the agar.
The disc with the largest inhibition zone (area where bacteria has grown least) is the one that is most successful against the bacteria.

Question 13

What does sterile mean?

Answer 13

Clean of microorganisms.

Question 14

How do antibiotics kill fungi and bacteria?

Answer 14

They disrupt the cell function or break down the cell wall.

Question 15

What is a resistant bacteria?

Answer 15

It is bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics (antibiotic resistance).

Question 16

What are alterations in DNA called?

Answer 16

Mutations

Question 17

How can bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?

Answer 17

They can have mutations. (natural selection example)

Question 18

What is the scientific term for painkillers?

Answer 18

Analgesics

Question 19

What is a super bug?

Answer 19

A super bug is a bacteria that is resistant to multiple types of antibiotics.

Question 20

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 20

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 21

What is the correct order (ascending) for these:
chromosomes , nucleus , DNA , genes , cell

Answer 21

genes → DNA → chromosomes → nucleus → cell

Question 22

How many strands is DNA made up of?

Answer 22

It is made up of 2 strands

Question 23

What are the strands in DNA connected by?

Answer 23

Chemicals called DNA bases

Question 24

What is the shape of DNA?

Answer 24

Double helix

Question 25

What are the 4 DNA bases?

Answer 25

A and T (Adenine and Thymine) C and G (Cytosine and Guanine)

Question 26

What do the order of the bases code for?

Answer 26

The order of the bases is a code for the order of amino acids, which make a specific protein.

Question 27

Who said that organisms evolve as a result of natural selection?

Answer 27

Charles Darwin

Question 28

What is natural selection?

Answer 28

Natural selection is when organisms adapt in order to survive in their environment.

Question 29

Name 3 ways to prevent extinction

Answer 29

Use gene banks, conservation and captivity breeding

Question 30

What is conservation?

Answer 30

Conservation is when you protect a natural environment to make sure habitats aren't lost.

Question 31

What are seed banks?

Answer 31

Seed banks are when you store seeds so that they can be preserved and grown in the future.

Question 32

What is captive breeding?

Answer 32

Captive breeding is when humans breed animals in human-controlled environments.

Question 33

What is an endangered species?

Answer 33

An endangered species is when there are very few organisms of the species left.

Question 34

How did Charles Darwin come up with his theory?

Answer 34

He noticed that different finches had different beaks. The beak adapted to the type of food they ate.