Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology hl > b3.2 (transport) > Flashcards

b3.2 (transport) Flashcards

1
Q

watch a video on single vs double circulatory systems

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the heart pumps high pressure blood out into the _______ and receives low pressure blood back in via ______

A

arteries

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

name the order of blood vessels moving from the left ventricle to the left atrium x7

A

aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how are arteries adapted to their function of carrying blood away from the heart under high pressure? x3

A

thick wall with a large amount of elastic fibers and smooth muscle

narrow lumen (maintain high blood pressure and high velocity of blood flow)

no valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define lumen

A

the hollow passageway through which blood flows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what purpose does the smooth muscle around the artery serve?

A

can contract and relax to adjust diameter of the artery lumen, regulating blood flow and blood pressure in the vessel
(KWD vasodilation/constriction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are elastic fibers? where are they concentrated (& why)?

A

bands of specialized proteins called elastin within the extracellular matrix of the tunica media (middle layer of blood vessel walls)

highest in the large, elastic arteries closest to the heart (allows artery wall to expand/recoil with each pulse of blood from the heart, propelling the blood towards the capillaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the tunica media?

A

the middle layer of blood vessel walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is collagen?

A

a fibrous protein within the extracellular matrix of the tunica externa (the outer layer of the blood vessel wall) of artery walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

functions of collagen in relation to arteries x4

A

provide tensile strength (the ability to withstand pressure before breaking when stretched or pulled). (allows the artery to withstand high and variable pressure without bulging (aneurysm) or rupturing)

maintain shape of the artery vessel

anchor arteries to nearby tissues

provide some elasticity for recoil of the artery wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define tensile strength

A

the ability to withstand pressure before breaking when stretched or pulled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where can the carotid and radial arteries be found to measure heart rate?

A

carotid (neck)
radial (wrist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

digital tools for measuring pulse rate often rely on what? how does this work?

A

optical sensors

a detector on the device detects the amount of light that passes back through the tissue. the volume of blood in the tissue changes with each heartbeat, which alters the amount of light absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

factors affecting pulse rate x6

A

age: pulse rate generally decreases with age

exercise: pulse rate increases during physical activity

stress: emotional stress can elevate pulse rate

medications: medications can either raise or lower pulse rate

temperature: pulse rate increases in higher temperatures

health conditions: heart disease and arrhythmias can cause abnormal pulse rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the pace of heart rate is set by what cells? where?

A

pacemaker cells in the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

structures of veins x3

A

thin wall with small amount of elastic fibers and smooth muscle

wide lumen

valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

to identify arteries and veins in a micrograph, look for the thickness of the walls and the shape/size of the lumen

how does an artery differ from a vein?

A

arteries have thicker wall and a smaller, more rounded lumen

veins have a thinner wall and a larger, more variable (flatter) shaped lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of coronary arteries

A

carries oxygenated blood to the heart (cardiac tissue specifically)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how can a heart attack occur in relation to coronary arteries?

A

a person may develop a build up of cholesterol and other substances in the lumen of the coronary artery called plaque

this restricts ability to bring oxygen to the heart, causing a heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define occlusion

A

the disruption of blood flow caused by plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

watch a video on the mammalian heart & movements within it

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

a sequence of actions that generate one pump of the heart. depends on heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the two halves of the heart do?

_____ half pumps _____ blood to _______ for the purpose of _______

A

right half pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs for the purpose of being oxygenated

left half pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body for the purpose of distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the coordinated pumping of blood by both halves of the heart controlled by?

A

sinoatrial (SA) node (specialized cells in right atrium that generate spontaneous electrical impulse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
why is there low pressure in both atria (recieving blood)?
blood has lost its velocity within the body
26
where do the two atriums receive blood from?
left atrium receives blood from lungs right atrium receives blood from body
27
pressure is high in ventricles (blood pumped in from atria). how are walls adapted to this?
walls of ventricle are the thickest part of heart to withstand pressure
28
where do the two ventricles pump blood to? which is a stronger pumping?
right ventricle pumps to lungs left ventricle pumps to body (left is stronger because has to pump into entire body rather than just a nearby organ)
29
function of atrioventricular valves
prevent back flow of blood back into atria
30
function of semilunar valves
prevent backflow of blood into ventricles
31
what is the septum (in heart)?
wall of muscle that separates left and right side of heart
32
watch a video on control of the cardiac cycle by the SA node (slides 28 to 31 b3.2)
-
33
define systole
contraction of a chamber
34
define diastole
relaxation of a chamber
35
4 steps to control of the cardiac cycle by the SA node
initiation of action potential (SA node generates an electrical impulse) spread of electrical activity (action potential rapidly spreads across both atria, causing them to contract. reaches atrioventricular (AV) node) delay at AV node (impulse is delayed slightly at the AV node, allowing the atria to fully contract and empty blood into the ventricles) transmission to vesicles (electrical impulse travels down (the bundle of his, through the left and right bundle branches, and) to the purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract)
36
what is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?
connects the electrical systems of the atria and ventricles
37
what does an electrocardiogram (ecg) plot?
electrical activity from the SA node and AV node over time
38
look at a diagram of an ecg plot
-
39
what is the purpose of valves
to ensure blood flow only happens in one direction (towards the heart)
40
purpose of septum (heart)
separates the heart's left and right sides, preventing oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood from mixing
41
define lymph
a fluid that circulates throughout the system, carrying immune cells and waste products
42
define lymph vessels
a network of tubes that transport lymph throughout the body, similar to blood vessels
43
define lymph nodes
small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and house immune cells (like lymphocytes) that help fight infections
44
spleen functions x3
an organ that filters blood removes old red blood cells stores white blood cells
45
define thymus
an organ where T-cells (a type of white blood cell) mature
46
define tonsils
lymphatic tissues located in the throat that help protect against inhaled or ingested pathogens
47
purpose of the lymphatic system x3
maintain fluid balance defend against infections absorb fats
48
what does high pressure in arterioles enable fluid to do?
pass through arteriole wall cells and into tissue
49
what does low pressure in venules enable fluid to do?
drain back into capillaries
50
define transpiration
the process of water evaporation from plant surfaces, primarily through stomata on leaves
51
define cohesion
water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding, creating a continuous column of water in plant vessels (xylem).
52
define adhesion
water molecules also adhere to the walls of xylem vessels, helping to maintain the column of water
53
define tension
as water evaporates from stomata, it creates a negative pressure (tension) that pulls more water upwards from the roots through the xylem
54
how is water able to move from the roots, through the plant, to the leaves? how does evaporation drive this movement?
the cohesion of water molecules allows the tension to pull the water column continuously the loss of water through transpiration creates the necessary tension to pull water up
55
define capillary action
the combined effect of cohesion and adhesion helps to move water through narrow xylem vessels
56
how are xylem adapted for water transport? x4
Xylem Vessels: Long, hollow tubes: Xylem vessels are continuous and cylindrical, providing a direct and efficient pathway for water transport from roots to leaves. Lignin in Cell Walls: Strengthens and supports: Lignin provides rigidity to xylem vessels, allowing them to withstand the negative pressure generated during transpiration without collapsing. Pits in Cell Walls: Water Movement: Pits (small pores) in the xylem allow water to move laterally ensuring a continuous water column across the plant. Capillary Action: Narrow xylem vessels: The small diameter of xylem vessels, particularly in smaller plants, facilitates capillary action, which assists in the upward movement of water.
57
how is root pressure (positive pressure that helps move water upwards) generated?
root cells actively absorb water and minerals from the soil, creating an osmotic gradient that draws more water into the roots
58
how is phloem adapted for movement of sap? x3
Sieve Tubes: Long, tube-like cells with perforated sieve plates for easy flow of sap. Companion Cells: Support sieve tubes by maintaining metabolic processes and aiding in the loading/unloading of sugars. Plasmodesmata: Channels connecting cells for coordination of sap movement.
59
monocot vs dicot: seed, root, vascular, leaf, flower
monocot: one cotyledon, fibrous roots, scattered, parallel veins, multiples of 3 (petals) dicot: two cotyledon, tap roots, ringed, net-like veins, 4 or 5 petals
60
structure of dicot stems (vascular bundles) x4 components (after, look at slide 43 b3.2 for drawing)
arranged in a ring around the stem's periphery each vascular bundle contains both xylem & phloem cambium is located between the xylem and phloem cortex is located between the vascular bundles and the epidermis
61
what is the cambium responsible for?
cambium (a layer of meristematic tissue) is responsible for secondary growth (growth in thickness)
62
what is the cortex responsible for? x2
stores food and helps with structural support
63
dicot root structure defining feature
vascular tissue is centrally located with xylem in an "X" shape

biology hl (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions