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OCR A GCSE Biology (B1-B3) > B3.2 -Endocrine System (use Miss Howard’s for plant hormones, use this for human hormones) > Flashcards

B3.2 -Endocrine System (use Miss Howard’s for plant hormones, use this for human hormones) Flashcards

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1
Q

state three endocrine glands

A
  • Thyroid gland
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Pancreas
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2
Q

Where is the thyroid gland and what does it do?

A
  • in the neck, releases thyroxine (increases resting metabolic rate)
  • regulates metabolism, heart rate and temperature by
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3
Q

what is the pituitary gland known as?
where is the pituitary gland?
what does the pituitary gland realse (and when)?

A
  • known as ‘master gland’
  • found in brain, linked to hypothalamus
  • releases hormones when changes are detected by hypothalamus
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4
Q

where is the pancreas and what does it do?

A
  • found below rib cage
  • produces insulin and glycogen
  • regulates blood glucose level
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5
Q

where are the adrenal glands?

what do they do? (and when do they do so)

A
  • two glands, situated above each kidney

- product adrenaline (when an organism is presented with a dangerous situation)

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6
Q

where are the testes and what do they do?

A
  • producest testosterone (controls puberty and sperm production)
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7
Q

what do ovaries do?

A
  • produce oestrogen

- regulates menstrual system

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8
Q

how do hormones travel around the body?

A

being secreted in the blood and transported

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9
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

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10
Q

state the function of a hormone

A

a chemical messenger which regulates the function of many cells and organs

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11
Q

how do hormones produce a response in target cells from the blood?

A

diffuse out of bloodstream and bind to specific receptors for that hormone (on cytoplasm of cells for target organ)

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12
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

name given to all the endocrine glands and the hormones that they produce

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13
Q

state the function of all the endocrine glands

A

controls and co-ordinates body processes with the nervous system

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14
Q

compare the speed of communication between CNS and endocrine gland?

A
  • endocrine system triggers a slow response

- CNS triggers a fast response

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15
Q

compare the method of transportation between CNS and endocrine gland?

A
  • CNS electrically impulses along a on of neurone

- ES secreted in bloodstream

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16
Q

compare the duration of response between CNS and endocrine gland?

A
  • CNS short acting

- ES longer acting (except hormones like adrenaline)

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17
Q

compare the area targeted between CNS and endocrine gland?

A
  • CNS very precise area

- ES larger area (target organs)

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18
Q

similarities between CNS and endocrine system?

A
  • both follow basic response oder

receptor cell, coordination centre, effector

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19
Q

what it the function of the thyroid gland?

A
  • release thyroxine

- take iodine (from food) and convert it to thyroxine by combining it with the animo acid tyrosine

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20
Q

what does adrenaline prepare the body for?

A

intensive action

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21
Q

what is an important control in homeostasis?

A

negative feedback loop

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22
Q

how does adrenaline affect the lungs?

A
  • enlarges air passages (alters metabolism)

- boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles

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23
Q

how how does adrenaline affect the body?

A
  • respire faster (higher rate of ATP made)
  • breathe faster (extra demand of oxygen)
  • higher heart rate
  • blood away from digestive system and towards muscles
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24
Q

describe stages of a negative feedback loop

A
  • conditions in the body change from a set point
  • change detected by a receptor
  • corrective mechanism activated by an effector
  • conditions returned to set point
  • corrective mechanism off
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25
Q

describe stages of a negative feedback loop (in terms of thyroxine)

A
  • hypothalamus detects cells need more energy
  • pituitary gland stimulates TSH
  • thyroid produces thyroxine
  • hypothalamus detects cells have enough energy
  • pituitary gland stops producing TSH
  • thyroid stops producing thyroxine
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26
Q

what happens when the stress is removed (adrenaline)?

A

signals to the adrenal glands stop (affected body systems return to original state)

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27
Q

what are the four key hormones of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
  • Oestrogen
  • Luteinising Hormone (LH)
  • Progesterone
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28
Q

what is FSH, what is it secreted from, what hormone does it stimulate, and what does it do?

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • released by the pituitary gland
  • causes egg in ovary to mature
  • stimulates production of oestrogen
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29
Q

what is oestrogen, what is it secreted from, what hormone does it stimulate, and what does it do?

A
  • secreted from ovaries
  • development of thick uterus lining
  • stimulates production of LH
  • stops production of FSH
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30
Q

what is LH, what is it secreted from, what hormone does it stimulate, and what does it do?

A
  • Lutenising Hormone
  • secreted by pituitary gland
  • stimulates release of mature egg on day 14 of cycle (OVULATION)
  • doesn’t stop or stimulate any hormones
31
Q

what is progesterone, what is it secreted from, what hormone does it stimulate, and what does it do?

A
  • produced in ovaries after ovulation (corpus luteum)
  • maintain lining of the uterus during days 14-28
  • inhibits (stops) the release of LH and FSH.
  • if uterus doesn’t receive fertilised egg, then progesterone levels drop (causing FSH levels to increase)
32
Q

what happens when progesterone levels drop?

A
  • triggers the breakdown of the lining

- marks day 1 of the next menstrual cycle.

33
Q

what is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • uterus lining breaks down, resulting in period
34
Q

Stage 2 of menstrual cycle?

A

-uterus lining starts to build up again into a thick, spongy layer full of blood vessels.

35
Q

stage 3 of menstrual cycle?

A
  • Ovulation

- an egg is released from one of the ovaries

36
Q

stage 4 of menstrual cycle?

A
  • uterus lining is maintained, ready for the arrival of a fertilised egg
  • if egg not fertilised, uterus lining breaks down, cycle restarts
37
Q

what does the progesterone only pill do?

A
  • thickens mucus in cervix (sperm no pass)
  • thins lining of uterus
  • inhibits release or FSH (eggs no mature)
  • fewer side effects than combined pill (but as effective)
  • same time every day
  • can prevent ovulation
38
Q

what does the combined pill do?

A
  • Contains both oestrogen and progesterone.
  • oestrogen builds up in the body (stop FSH, no eggs mature)
    (prevents ovulation)
  • thickens mucus in cervix (sperm cannot pass)
  • daily for 21 days of menstrual cycle
39
Q

which two groups are there of contraceptive methods?

A
  • nonhormonal (barrier method)

- hormonal (disrupt reproductive cycle)

40
Q

how does condom work?

A
  • place over penis (or inside vagina)
  • prevent spread of STIs
  • stops sperm entering vagina
41
Q

how do diaphragm or cervical cap work?

A
  • nonhormonal
  • inserted into vagina (cover cervix)
  • removed after 6+ hrs after sex
  • needs spermicide (or no work)
42
Q

what is a intrauterine device (IUD)?

A
  • nonhormal
  • inserted into uterus (releases copper)
  • prevents sperm surviving uterus and fallopian tubes
  • prevent implantation of fertilised ovum
  • 5 TO 10 YEARS
43
Q

how does intrauterine system work?

A
  • hormonal
  • inserted into uterus
  • thickens mucus from cervix
  • thins lining of uterus
  • prevent ovulation
  • 3-5 YEARS
44
Q

are hormonal or non-hormonal devices more effective?

A

usually hormonal

45
Q

explain why blocked fallopian tubes would prevent a successful pregnancy

A

as the sperm would not be able to meet the egg

46
Q

state 4 reasons for infertility (2 male 2 female

A
  • blocked sperm ducts
  • not enough sperm being produced in testes
  • lack of mature eggs produced in the ovaries
  • failure of ovaries to release eggs
47
Q

what happens during ivf?

A

1) woman given hormones for many eggs to be matured at the same time
2) eggs collected and placed in a Petri dish
3) semen is collected and mixed in Petri dish
4) egg becomes fertilised
5) embryos are placed in the womb

48
Q

what are the downsides of IVF?

A
  • multiple pregnancies
  • embryo may not develop properly (dies)
  • expensive
49
Q

what are the positives of IVF?

A
  • allows homosexual couples to have children
  • allows older couples to have children
  • allows younger women to focus on their careers (and choose to have a baby later in life)
  • lower chance of miscarriage
50
Q

what is a tropism?

A

a response to stimuli which involves directional growth

51
Q

what is a positive phototropism?

A

a plant growing towards a light source

52
Q

what is positive gravitropism?

A

growing in the same direction as gravity

growing downwards

53
Q

what process ensures seeds grow the correct way?

A

phototropism + gravitropism

54
Q

what is auxin?

A

the hormone that enables plants to grow towards or away from a stimulus

55
Q

how do responses to a light stimulus occur?

plant growth hormones

A
  • uneven distribution of auxin
  • unequal growth rate
  • shorts or root to bend (grow more on one side)
56
Q

how do shoots of plants respond to light?

A
  • light hits one side of shoot tip
  • auxin break down/move to the other side of the shoot
  • concentration of auxin increases on one side of the shoot
  • that side grows more than the other
  • shoot bends towards light
57
Q

how do roots and shoots respond to levels of auxins?

A

in roots, plants grow more in areas with least auxin, in stems, plants grow more in areas with most auxin

58
Q

where is auxin found in a plant stem?

A

at the tip (meristems)

59
Q

what does a plant use hormones for?

A
  • Fruit production + Ripening
  • Growth
  • Move towards the light
  • Leaves falling
  • Disease resistance
60
Q

what does the hormone auxin do?

commercially

A
  • stimulates growth
  • weed killer
  • rooting powder
61
Q

what does the hormone ethene do?

commercially

A
  • causes fruits to ripen (stimulates conversion of starch to sugar)
  • > why ripened fruits taste sweeter
  • EXISTS AS GAS
62
Q

what does the hormone Gibberellins do?

commercially

A
  • promotes growth (stem elongation)
  • end dormancy period of seeds/buds
  • leads to shoots/flowers opening
63
Q

how do weed killers work?

A
  • contain auxin
  • selective herbicides (only kill broad-leaved plants, and not narrow leaved - grass)
  • makes weeds grow too fast (uncontrollable growth kills plants)
64
Q

how do root growth powders work?

A
  • contains auxin
  • produce identical plants (clones), from a plantcutting
  • cut off a plant shoot and dip into rooting powder
  • roots develop from cut stem
65
Q

what hormone would you spray to prevent fruit from ripening during transportation?

A

auxins

66
Q

what hormone is used for ripening fruit

A

ethene (sprayed on)

67
Q

how do commercial growers trigger seeds to germinate during winter?

A

spray them, with Gibberellins or auxins in the greenhouse

68
Q

explain how plant root hormones produced this response to gravity

A
  • auxins gather on the lower side of the horizontal root
  • root grows more on the side with the least auxin
  • bending of the root towards gravity
  • When the root is pointing downwards the auxin becomes evenly spread throughout the root.
  • The root then continues to grow down
69
Q

describe the function of FSH in the menstrual cycle

A
  • To stimulate one of the eggs in the ovary to mature / oestrogen to be produced
70
Q

explain how hormones cause only an effect on target cells rather than the whole body

A
  • Hormones bind to specific receptors for that hormone (found
    on the membranes or in the cytoplasm of target cells)
  • Once bound to their receptors the
    hormones stimulate the target cells to produce a response.
71
Q

Why do plants need hormones?

A

To allow a response to changes in the environment

72
Q

what is the purpose of a negative feedback loop?

A

for homeostasis (keeps internal conditions constant)

73
Q

why is progesterone secreted? (not the purpose, but like what is the cause of it being produced)

A

-as once ovulation occurs, the follicle becomes corpus lutem and secretes oestrogen and prigesterone

OCR A GCSE Biology (B1-B3) (12 decks)

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