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Biology extension edexcel > B3.2 Behaviour > Flashcards

B3.2 Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

How can you define the term behaviour?

A

The way in which an animal responds to internal or external stimuli

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2
Q

What is internal stimuli?

A

Things happening inside the body

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3
Q

What is external stimuli?

A

Things happening outside the body

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4
Q

What are two indications within a mate that it is of good reproductive quality?

A

It is healthy and well adapted to its environment

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5
Q

What is reproductive quality?

A

The ability of an individual to produce healthy offspring

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6
Q

What does courtship behaviour help an animal do?

A

Choose a mate

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7
Q

Who is often displaying during courtship behaviour?

A

The male

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8
Q

Why are male birds often brightly coloured?

A

To advertise that they are a high-quality choice (e.g. the brighter they are the more healthier they are)

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9
Q

Why are female birds usually well camouflaged?

A

So that she can care for her young without being spotted by a predator

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10
Q

What are three types of mating strategies?

A
  • mating for life (only looking for a new partner if they die)
  • only pairing up for a breeding season
  • groups of females breeding with one dominant male
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11
Q

For how long do animals look after their young?

A

Until they have grown and developed enough to look after themselves

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12
Q

What do female mammals do while their offspring are young?

A

Feed their young on milk and teach them how to find food and avoid predators

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13
Q

What do birds do while their offspring are young?

A

Sitting on them in a nest to keep them warm and bringing them food

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14
Q

Why do animals care for their young until they have grown up?

A

It increases the chances that their offspring will survive and that the parents’ genes will carry on into future generations

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15
Q

What is an evolutionary strategy?

A

Any process that affects how a species changes over time and spreads

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16
Q

Why can parental care be a successful evolutionary strategy?

A
  • helps make sure more offspring survive
  • the more offspring there are, the more likely it is that there will be offspring that adapt to changes in conditions
  • this means the species can evolve and spread
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17
Q

What does innate mean?

A

Behaviour that doesn’t have to be learnt, inborn

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18
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An automatic response to a stimulus

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19
Q

Why is innate behaviour beneficial?

A

It increases the chances of an animal surviving, reproducing and passing on their genes

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20
Q

What is innate behaviour controlled by?

A

Genes

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21
Q

Who founded the science of ethology?

A

Niko Tinbergen

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22
Q

What is ethology?

A

The study of animal behaviour

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23
Q

What did Niko Tinbergen notice from his investigation into herring behaviour?

A

Chicks pecked at their parents beaks, to make the parent regurgitate food for the chick

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24
Q

Why do herring chicks peck at their parents beaks?

A

Because there’s a red spot on it

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25
Q

How did Tinbergen find out if the herring chicks were pecking at the red spots?

A

He made cardboard models of gulls’ heads, using different colours for the spot on the beak, and then presented the cardboard models to the young gull chicks

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26
Q

Why is imprinting useful?

A

It makes sure the young stay close to their mother so that they can be protected and learn how to find food

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27
Q

Who made an experiment to test imprinting?

A

Konrad Lorenz

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28
Q

What is imprinting?

A

The process in which young animals bond with or become attached to animals and moving objects they see immediately after hatching or birth

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29
Q

What is learning?

A

A change in behaviour as a result of experience

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30
Q

When does imprinting happen?

A

In a very short window of time very early in the animals life

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31
Q

How long does imprinting last?

A

Into adulthood

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32
Q

Are woodlice vertebrates or invertebrates?

A

Invertebrates

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33
Q

Where can you find woodlice?

A

Under rotting logs and in dark, damp places

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34
Q

Why do woodlice pick damp, dark places?

A

To stay hidden from other animals that may eat them

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35
Q

How do woodlice find dark,damp places?

A

Through innate behaviour

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36
Q

What is a way of investigating animal behaviour?

A

Choice chambers

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37
Q

What is habituation?

A

Ignoring a repeated stimulus

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38
Q

Who discovered classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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39
Q

How did Pavlov get dogs to salivate when they heard a bell?

A
  • dogs producing saliva is an innate behaviour when they smell food
  • Pavlov rang a bell before giving a dog food
  • the dog pricked up its ears when it heard the bell, but didn’t salivate before it got the food
  • this was repeated several times
  • the dog started to associate the sound of a bell with food
  • the dog produced saliva when it heard the bell
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40
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A process in which learning causes a reflex action to happen in response to a different stimulus

41
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A process in which an animal changes its behaviour as a result of experiencing rewards or unpleasant consequences

42
Q

What type of conditioning is used to train animals?

A

Operant conditioning

43
Q

What is training?

A

Changing an animals behaviour by giving it rewards or punishments

44
Q

What is communication?

A

The exchange of information between organisms

45
Q

What are three ways animals use to communicate?

A
  • visual signals
  • sound
  • chemical substances
46
Q

What type of communication does courtship behaviour use?

A

Visual signals

47
Q

What type of visual signals do mammals use to communicate their mood?

A
  • gestures
  • facial expressions
  • body language
48
Q

What do birds use sound for?

A
  • to keep other birds out of their territory

- to attract females

49
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Hormone-like substances that diffuse into the air and influence the behaviour of others

50
Q

What is social behaviour?

A

Behaviour between members of the same species

51
Q

Why is social behaviour useful?

A

It can improve survival chances

52
Q

How does social behaviour improve survival chances?

A
  • individuals in the group can take on different tasks, such as watching for predators or searching for new food sources
  • they have a better chance of defending territory
53
Q

Who was the first person to begin to understand how gorilla society worked?

A

Dian Fossey

54
Q

How did Diane Fossey get partially accepted into the Rwandan mountain gorilla’s group?

A

By imitating their behaviour

55
Q

What did Diane Fossey discover about gorillas?

A
  • they had complex family relationships
  • they weren’t violent
  • the meanings of their calls
56
Q

Who carried out research on chimpanzees in Tanzania in the 1960s?

A

Jane Goodall

57
Q

What did Jane Goodall discover about chimpanzees?

A
  • they make and use tools to obtain food

- they hunt together as a group

58
Q

What do flowers rely on in order to spread their pollen?

A

Insects

59
Q

How do flowers attract insects?

A
  • by producing brightly coloured chemicals in their petals

- by producing chemical scents that spread out in the air

60
Q

How do insects find flowers?

A

By moving in the direction where there is the greatest concentration of flower produced chemicals

61
Q

Why do plants produce brightly coloured fruits?

A

So that animals like birds know they are ready to eat and so eat the fruit with the seeds. The seeds are then dispersed with the animals’ waste

62
Q

How do plants protect themselves against being eaten?

A

They produce chemicals that harm insects

63
Q

What do Acacia trees in Africa do to deter herbivores when they’re attacked?

A

It produces distasteful, poisonous chemicals

64
Q

How do Acacia trees warn other trees about insect attacks?

A

They produce a gas called ethene that diffuses through the air to other nearby trees

65
Q

What is evolution?

A

The change in a species over time

66
Q

What is co-evolution?

A

How two species change together over time

67
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from one plant to another, enabling fertilisation

68
Q

What is an example of co-evolution?

A

Pollination

69
Q

Why do insects that recognise the signals of flower scent and colour have a survival advantage?

A

They are more likely to find food

70
Q

Why do plants that have flowers that attract more insects have a survival advantage?

A

They are more likely to be pollinated

71
Q

How does co-evolution between two species work?

A
  • species A changes
  • the members of species B best suited to those changes survive
  • changes to species B are dependent on species A
  • this happens over and over again so they both co-evolve
72
Q

What is an example of co-evolution that arose from plant chemical defences?

A

Grey kangaroos being able to eat quite high levels of poison because the plants in the dry grasslands of Australia make poison in their leaves

73
Q

What is Ardi?

A

A 4.4 million year old, human like, female animal fossil from an extinct species

74
Q

What is Lucy?

A

A human like, fossilised species from 3.2 million years ago

75
Q

What two scientists discovered the species Homo habilis in the 1960s?

A

Mary and Louis Leakey

76
Q

How old are fossils of the species Homo habilis?

A

Between 2.4 and 1.4 million years old

77
Q

Who found the fossil of Homo erectus?

A

Richard Leakey

78
Q

When was a homo-erectus fossil discovered?

A

1984

79
Q

What fossils did tools start being found with?

A

Homo habilis and erectus

80
Q

How can you identify the time period stone tools come from?

A

By identifying the date of the layer of rock or sediment they are found in. An assumption is made that the tool is the same age as the layer of rock or sediment

81
Q

How old are the oldest stone tools found so far?

A

2.6 million years old

82
Q

What would the oldest stone tools found be used for?

A

Skinning animals and cutting up meat

83
Q

When did modern Homo sapiens first appear in Africa?

A

200 000 years ago

84
Q

When did modern Homo sapiens spread out of Africa?

A

60 000 years ago

85
Q

What is an Ice Age?

A

A time of very cold periods called “glacials” and “interglacials”

86
Q

Why did Homo sapiens only cross from Africa 60 000 years ago?

A

There was an ice age so a lot of water would have been locked up in ice and sea levels were much lower, so it would have been easier to cross from Africa to Yemen

87
Q

Why did people move from Africa 60 000 years ago?

A

To hunt and gather food

88
Q

What did a cold period 25 000 years ago produce?

A

A land between Siberia and North America

89
Q

What were the effects of climate becoming more stable after the Ice Age on humans?

A

People showed the first signs of settling down and starting to grow crops

90
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Tiny organelles in cells which release energy from food

91
Q

Who does nuclear DNA come from?

A

Both the mother and the father

92
Q

Where does mitochondrial DNA come from?

A

The cytoplasm of the egg cell

93
Q

Why does DNA change over time?

A

Because of mutations

94
Q

How many times faster does mtDNA mutate in comparison to nuclear DNA?

A

100 to 1000 times faster

95
Q

What happens to tissues and cells after death?

A

Tissues start to decay and chemicals in cells break down

96
Q

Why is mtDNA used instead of nuclear DNA to identify fossils?

A

Each cell contains many mitochondria but only one nucleus, so there is likely to be a greater abundance of mtDNA than nuclear DNA

97
Q

What is used to track evolution from fossil material?

A

mtDNA

98
Q

Who does mitochondrial DNA come from?

A

The mother

98
Q

Who is African or mitochondrial Eve?

A

The only woman who’s mtDNA has an unbroken female-female line from her generation to the present. People all seem to have evolved from her

Biology extension edexcel (3 decks)

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