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Biology B3 > B3.2 > Flashcards

B3.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

menstrual cycle

A

-controlled by hormones
-average 28 days
-uterus lining thickens to receive fertilised egg
-an egg matures and is released –> ovulation - day 14
-if the egg is not fertilised = menstruation as lining is shed

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2
Q

what is FSH secreted by?

A

secreted by the pituitary gland

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3
Q

what does FSH cause?

A

-causes an egg to mature
-stimulates ovaries to release oestrogen

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4
Q

folicle

A

an ovary, contains egg

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5
Q

what is oestrogen secreted by?

A

secreted by ovaries

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6
Q

what does oestrogen cause?

A

-stops FSH being produced, so that only one egg matures in a cycle
-stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormone LH

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7
Q

what is progesterone secreted by?

A

secreted by ovaries

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8
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

-maintains the lining of the uterus
-inhibits LH production

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9
Q

what is LH secreted by?

A

secreted by the pituitary gland

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10
Q

what does LH cause?

A

a mature egg to be released from the ovary

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11
Q

what are the different types of contraception?

A

-non hormonal
-hormonal

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12
Q

what is the definition of non-hormonal contraception?

A

-barrier methods to prevent sperm from entering
-or releases chemicals to kill the sperm

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13
Q

what is the definition of hormonal contraception?

A

-hormones that disrupt the normal female reproductive cycle

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14
Q

how effective is contraception?

A

-no contraceptive is 100% effective
-most forms of contraception have user error

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15
Q

what are some things to consider when choosing contraception?

A

-STI protection
-side effects
-other medication
-medical conditions

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16
Q

what are some hormonal contraceptives?

A

-contraceptive injection
-intrauterine system
-contraceptive patch
-combined pill
-contraceptive vaginal ring
-progesterone only pill
-implant

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17
Q

what are some non-hormonal contraceptives?

A

-male condom
-diaphragm
-intrauterine device

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18
Q

how does a contraceptive injection work?

A

injection of progesterone

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19
Q

advantage of contraceptive injection

A

lasts for 8-13 weeks

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20
Q

disadvantage of contraceptive injection

A

can’t be removed from the body

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21
Q

how does intrauterine system work?

A

small, T-shaped, progesterone releasing, plastic device is put into the uterus

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22
Q

advantage of intrauterine system

A

-works for 3-5 years
-periods become lighter, shorter and less painful

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23
Q

disadvantage of intrauterine system

A

irregular bleeding or spotting is common in the first 6 months

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24
Q

how does the contraceptive patch work?

A

small patch stuck to the skin releases oestrogen and progesterone

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25
Q

advantage of the contraceptive patch

A

can make bleeds regular/lighter and less painful

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26
Q

disadvantage of the contraceptive patch

A

-may be seen
-can cause skin irritation

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27
Q

how does the combined pill work?

A

pill containing oestrogen and progesterone which is taken daily

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28
Q

advantage of the combined pill

A

reduces bleeding and period pain

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29
Q

disadvantage of the combined pill

A

missing pills and vomiting can make it less effective

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30
Q

how does a contraceptive vaginal ring work?

A

small, flexible ring put into the vagina releases oestrogen and progesterone

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31
Q

advantage of a contraceptive vaginal ring

A

one ring stays in for three weeks

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32
Q

disadvantage of a contraceptive vaginal ring

A

must be comfortable with inserting and removing it

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33
Q

how does a progesterone only pill work?

A

pill containing progesterone

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34
Q

advantage of a progesterone only pill

A

can be used by women who smoke, are over 35 and breastfeeding

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35
Q

advantage of a progesterone only pill

A

can be used by women who smoke, are over 35 and breastfeeding

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36
Q

disadvantage of a progesterone only pill

A

late pills, vomiting can make it less effective

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37
Q

how does the male condom work?

A

thin latex polythurene or synthetic rubber sheath put over the erect penis

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38
Q

advantage of the male condom

A

best way to protect againts STIs

39
Q

disadvantage of the male condom

A

may slip off or split if not used correctly

40
Q

how does an implant work?

A

small, flexible rod put under the skin of the upper arm which releases progesterone

40
Q

how does an implant work?

A

small, flexible rod put under the skin of the upper arm which releases progesterone

41
Q

advantage of an implant

A

works for 3 years

42
Q

disadvantage of an implant

A

requires procedure to fit it and remove it

43
Q

how does a diaphragm work?

A

flexible latex used with spermicide is put into the vagina to cover the cervix

44
Q

advantage of a diaphragm

A

can be put in at any time before sex

45
Q

disadvantage of a diaphragm

A

need to use the right size

46
Q

how does the intrauterine device work?

A

small plastic and copper device is put into the uterus

47
Q

advantage of the intrauterine device

A

can stay in for 5-10 years

48
Q

disadvantage of the intrauterine device

A

periods may be heavier, longer and more painful

49
Q

infertility

A

when a couple can’t get pregnant, despite having regular unprotected sex

50
Q

what are some reasons for infertility?

A

-woman does not have any mature eggs or the ovary can not release them
-the man is not producing sperm
-egg cells can not get through fallopian tubes
-sperm can not get through the sperm ducts
-sperm can’t swim properly or their aren’t enough
-embryo is unable to grow in uterus

51
Q

how can the fact that a woman does not have any mature eggs or the ovary can not release them be helped?

A

-hormones: FSH, LH
-harvest the egg
-IVF

52
Q

how can the fact that the man is not producing sperm be helped?

A

nothing you can do IVF or sperm donor is only option

53
Q

how can the fact that egg cells can not get through the fallopian tubes be helped?

A

-unblock them
-IVF

54
Q

how can the fact that sperm can not get through sperm ducts be helped?

A

potentially harvest sperm or sperm donor

55
Q

how can the fact that sperm can’t swim properly or their aren’t enough be helped?

A

IVF

56
Q

how can the fact that the embryo is unable to grow in uterus be helped?

A

use surrogate

57
Q

how long does the egg have to be fertilised for before it dies?

A

24 hours

58
Q

how long does it take to produce sperm?

A

2-3 months

59
Q

when undergoing IVF, which hormone is administered to the woman?

A

FSH

60
Q

why is FSH in higher levels than it would naturally occur during IVF?

A

cause a controlled over stimulation of the ovaries to produce multiple eggs

61
Q

when are the eggs retrieved in IVF and how?

A

just before ovulation by the needle

62
Q

when is the fertilised egg implanted in the uterus during IVF?

A

3 or 5 days after fertilisation

63
Q

what is done to increase the odds of success in IVF?

A

transfer multiple embryos at once

64
Q

why do clinics try to minimise the number of eggs that are implanted in the uterus during IVF?

A

it’s too risky for mothers and babies

65
Q

arguments against IVF

A

-not a natural procedure
-very expensive
-multiple births can be dangerous to the mother and unborn babies

66
Q

arguments for IVF

A

-allows those who would not be able to conceive to have a baby
-enables older parents to have children
-allows younger women to focus on their careers and have children later on in life

67
Q

endocrine system

A

collection of glands that produce hormones, controls and coordinates body processes with the nervous system

68
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are transported in the blood stream to target organs

69
Q

negative feedback

A

a mechanism in which any change from normal, is returned to its normal range

70
Q

what does FSH stand for?

A

folicle stimulating hormone

71
Q

what does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising hormone

72
Q

ADH

A

anti-diuretic hormone, controls the water content of the blood

73
Q

GH

A

Growth Hormone, speeds up the rate of growth and development in children

74
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood glucose

75
Q

glucagon

A

raises blood glucose

76
Q

adrenaline

A

prepares body for physical activity

77
Q

testosterone

A

controls development of male secondary sex characteristics

78
Q

what is the messaging system in the nervous system?

A

nerves

79
Q

speed of communication in nervous system

A

fast

80
Q

method of transport in nervous system

A

electrical impulses through neurons

81
Q

duration of response in nervous system

A

short lasting

82
Q

area targeted in nervous system

A

precise area

83
Q

what is the messaging system in the endocrine system?

A

hormones

84
Q

speed of communication in endocrine system

A

slow

85
Q

method of transport in endocrine system

A

communication through blood

86
Q

duration of response in endocrine system

A

long lasting

87
Q

area targeted in endocrine system

A

large area

88
Q

thyroxine

A

-hormone produced by thyroid gland
-release is controlled by negative feedback
-regulates metabollic rate

89
Q

what happens when thyroxine decreases below normal?

A

the thyroid gland releases thyroxine

90
Q

what happens when thyroxine increases above normal?

A

thyroid gland doesn’t release thyroxine

91
Q

adrenaline

A

-hormone produced by adrenal gland
-release is not controlled by negative feedback
-when element of stress is removed, production stops

92
Q

what are the functions of adrenaline?

A

-breath quicker for more oxygen
-digestion shuts down
-increases heartrate to transport oxygen and glucose quicker

Biology B3 (3 decks)

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