B3.2

Question 1

menstrual cycle

Answer 1

-controlled by hormones
-average 28 days
-uterus lining thickens to receive fertilised egg
-an egg matures and is released –> ovulation - day 14
-if the egg is not fertilised = menstruation as lining is shed

Question 2

what is FSH secreted by?

Answer 2

secreted by the pituitary gland

Question 3

what does FSH cause?

Answer 3

-causes an egg to mature
-stimulates ovaries to release oestrogen

Question 4

folicle

Answer 4

an ovary, contains egg

Question 5

what is oestrogen secreted by?

Answer 5

secreted by ovaries

Question 6

what does oestrogen cause?

Answer 6

-stops FSH being produced, so that only one egg matures in a cycle
-stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormone LH

Question 7

what is progesterone secreted by?

Answer 7

secreted by ovaries

Question 8

what does progesterone do?

Answer 8

-maintains the lining of the uterus
-inhibits LH production

Question 9

what is LH secreted by?

Answer 9

secreted by the pituitary gland

Question 10

what does LH cause?

Answer 10

a mature egg to be released from the ovary

Question 11

what are the different types of contraception?

Answer 11

-non hormonal
-hormonal

Question 12

what is the definition of non-hormonal contraception?

Answer 12

-barrier methods to prevent sperm from entering
-or releases chemicals to kill the sperm

Question 13

what is the definition of hormonal contraception?

Answer 13

-hormones that disrupt the normal female reproductive cycle

Question 14

how effective is contraception?

Answer 14

-no contraceptive is 100% effective
-most forms of contraception have user error

Question 15

what are some things to consider when choosing contraception?

Answer 15

-STI protection
-side effects
-other medication
-medical conditions

Question 16

what are some hormonal contraceptives?

Answer 16

-contraceptive injection
-intrauterine system
-contraceptive patch
-combined pill
-contraceptive vaginal ring
-progesterone only pill
-implant

Question 17

what are some non-hormonal contraceptives?

Answer 17

-male condom
-diaphragm
-intrauterine device

Question 18

how does a contraceptive injection work?

Answer 18

injection of progesterone

Question 19

advantage of contraceptive injection

Answer 19

lasts for 8-13 weeks

Question 20

disadvantage of contraceptive injection

Answer 20

can’t be removed from the body

Question 21

how does intrauterine system work?

Answer 21

small, T-shaped, progesterone releasing, plastic device is put into the uterus

Question 22

advantage of intrauterine system

Answer 22

-works for 3-5 years
-periods become lighter, shorter and less painful

Question 23

disadvantage of intrauterine system

Answer 23

irregular bleeding or spotting is common in the first 6 months

Question 24

how does the contraceptive patch work?

Answer 24

small patch stuck to the skin releases oestrogen and progesterone

Question 25

advantage of the contraceptive patch

Answer 25

can make bleeds regular/lighter and less painful

Question 26

disadvantage of the contraceptive patch

Answer 26

-may be seen -can cause skin irritation

Question 27

how does the combined pill work?

Answer 27

pill containing oestrogen and progesterone which is taken daily

Question 28

advantage of the combined pill

Answer 28

reduces bleeding and period pain

Question 29

disadvantage of the combined pill

Answer 29

missing pills and vomiting can make it less effective

Question 30

how does a contraceptive vaginal ring work?

Answer 30

small, flexible ring put into the vagina releases oestrogen and progesterone

Question 31

advantage of a contraceptive vaginal ring

Answer 31

one ring stays in for three weeks

Question 32

disadvantage of a contraceptive vaginal ring

Answer 32

must be comfortable with inserting and removing it

Question 33

how does a progesterone only pill work?

Answer 33

pill containing progesterone

Question 34

advantage of a progesterone only pill

Answer 34

can be used by women who smoke, are over 35 and breastfeeding

Question 35

advantage of a progesterone only pill

Answer 35

can be used by women who smoke, are over 35 and breastfeeding

Question 36

disadvantage of a progesterone only pill

Answer 36

late pills, vomiting can make it less effective

Question 37

how does the male condom work?

Answer 37

thin latex polythurene or synthetic rubber sheath put over the erect penis

Question 38

advantage of the male condom

Answer 38

best way to protect againts STIs

Question 39

disadvantage of the male condom

Answer 39

may slip off or split if not used correctly

Question 40

how does an implant work?

Answer 40

small, flexible rod put under the skin of the upper arm which releases progesterone

Question 40

how does an implant work?

Answer 40

small, flexible rod put under the skin of the upper arm which releases progesterone

Question 41

advantage of an implant

Answer 41

works for 3 years

Question 42

disadvantage of an implant

Answer 42

requires procedure to fit it and remove it

Question 43

how does a diaphragm work?

Answer 43

flexible latex used with spermicide is put into the vagina to cover the cervix

Question 44

advantage of a diaphragm

Answer 44

can be put in at any time before sex

Question 45

disadvantage of a diaphragm

Answer 45

need to use the right size

Question 46

how does the intrauterine device work?

Answer 46

small plastic and copper device is put into the uterus

Question 47

advantage of the intrauterine device

Answer 47

can stay in for 5-10 years

Question 48

disadvantage of the intrauterine device

Answer 48

periods may be heavier, longer and more painful

Question 49

infertility

Answer 49

when a couple can't get pregnant, despite having regular unprotected sex

Question 50

what are some reasons for infertility?

Answer 50

-woman does not have any mature eggs or the ovary can not release them -the man is not producing sperm -egg cells can not get through fallopian tubes -sperm can not get through the sperm ducts -sperm can't swim properly or their aren't enough -embryo is unable to grow in uterus

Question 51

how can the fact that a woman does not have any mature eggs or the ovary can not release them be helped?

Answer 51

-hormones: FSH, LH -harvest the egg -IVF

Question 52

how can the fact that the man is not producing sperm be helped?

Answer 52

nothing you can do IVF or sperm donor is only option

Question 53

how can the fact that egg cells can not get through the fallopian tubes be helped?

Answer 53

-unblock them -IVF

Question 54

how can the fact that sperm can not get through sperm ducts be helped?

Answer 54

potentially harvest sperm or sperm donor

Question 55

how can the fact that sperm can't swim properly or their aren't enough be helped?

Answer 55

IVF

Question 56

how can the fact that the embryo is unable to grow in uterus be helped?

Answer 56

use surrogate

Question 57

how long does the egg have to be fertilised for before it dies?

Answer 57

24 hours

Question 58

how long does it take to produce sperm?

Answer 58

2-3 months

Question 59

when undergoing IVF, which hormone is administered to the woman?

Answer 59

FSH

Question 60

why is FSH in higher levels than it would naturally occur during IVF?

Answer 60

cause a controlled over stimulation of the ovaries to produce multiple eggs

Question 61

when are the eggs retrieved in IVF and how?

Answer 61

just before ovulation by the needle

Question 62

when is the fertilised egg implanted in the uterus during IVF?

Answer 62

3 or 5 days after fertilisation

Question 63

what is done to increase the odds of success in IVF?

Answer 63

transfer multiple embryos at once

Question 64

why do clinics try to minimise the number of eggs that are implanted in the uterus during IVF?

Answer 64

it's too risky for mothers and babies

Question 65

arguments against IVF

Answer 65

-not a natural procedure -very expensive -multiple births can be dangerous to the mother and unborn babies

Question 66

arguments for IVF

Answer 66

-allows those who would not be able to conceive to have a baby -enables older parents to have children -allows younger women to focus on their careers and have children later on in life

Question 67

endocrine system

Answer 67

collection of glands that produce hormones, controls and coordinates body processes with the nervous system

Question 68

hormones

Answer 68

chemical messengers that are transported in the blood stream to target organs

Question 69

negative feedback

Answer 69

a mechanism in which any change from normal, is returned to its normal range

Question 70

what does FSH stand for?

Answer 70

folicle stimulating hormone

Question 71

what does LH stand for?

Answer 71

Luteinising hormone

Question 72

ADH

Answer 72

anti-diuretic hormone, controls the water content of the blood

Question 73

GH

Answer 73

Growth Hormone, speeds up the rate of growth and development in children

Question 74

insulin

Answer 74

lowers blood glucose

Question 75

glucagon

Answer 75

raises blood glucose

Question 76

adrenaline

Answer 76

prepares body for physical activity

Question 77

testosterone

Answer 77

controls development of male secondary sex characteristics

Question 78

what is the messaging system in the nervous system?

Answer 78

nerves

Question 79

speed of communication in nervous system

Answer 79

fast

Question 80

method of transport in nervous system

Answer 80

electrical impulses through neurons

Question 81

duration of response in nervous system

Answer 81

short lasting

Question 82

area targeted in nervous system

Answer 82

precise area

Question 83

what is the messaging system in the endocrine system?

Answer 83

hormones

Question 84

speed of communication in endocrine system

Answer 84

slow

Question 85

method of transport in endocrine system

Answer 85

communication through blood

Question 86

duration of response in endocrine system

Answer 86

long lasting

Question 87

area targeted in endocrine system

Answer 87

large area

Question 88

thyroxine

Answer 88

-hormone produced by thyroid gland -release is controlled by negative feedback -regulates metabollic rate

Question 89

what happens when thyroxine decreases below normal?

Answer 89

the thyroid gland releases thyroxine

Question 90

what happens when thyroxine increases above normal?

Answer 90

thyroid gland doesn't release thyroxine

Question 91

adrenaline

Answer 91

-hormone produced by adrenal gland -release is not controlled by negative feedback -when element of stress is removed, production stops

Question 92

what are the functions of adrenaline?

Answer 92

-breath quicker for more oxygen -digestion shuts down -increases heartrate to transport oxygen and glucose quicker