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B3-Organism-level systems Flashcards

1
Q

Tropism

A

Plant growth in response to stimulus

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2
Q

Positive Phototropism

A

Growth towards light

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3
Q

Positive gravitropism

A

Growth towards gravity

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4
Q

Negative tropism

A

Opposite of positive tropism

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5
Q

Fruit ripening hormone

A

Ethene

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6
Q

Hormone triggering growth after dormancy (plant)

A

Gibberellins

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of steady internal, physical and chemical conditions

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8
Q

Thermoregulatory response to high temperatures

A

-hairs lower to stop heating being trapped -sweat produced -capillaries vasodilate (to increase heat loss by radiation)

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9
Q

Thermoregulatory response to cold temperatures

A

-hairs rise to creat heat trapping air layer -rapid muscle contraction and relaxation (shivering) for heat from respiration -Capillaries vasoconstrict to reduce heat loss by radiation

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10
Q

Blood sugar levels

A

-rise after meals -insulin lowers level by converting glucose-> glycogen in liver

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11
Q

Response to low blood sugar levels

A

-glucagon converts glycogen into glucose

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12
Q

Response to high sugar levels

A

-insulin lowers level by converting glucose to glycogen in the liver

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13
Q

How are blood water levels controlled

A

-urine produced in nephrons in kidneys to maintain water balance -controlled by hormone ADH -If water potential too low: Higher ADH = Higher water reabsorption in nephron = less urine production

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14
Q

Higher auxin levels

A

-elongate cells in tropism -root grows on side with less auxin shoot grows with more auxin

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15
Q

Nervous system response

A

-quicker response -more targeted -short acting

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16
Q

Endocrine system response

A

-slower response -acts over wide area -longer lasting -endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood -triggers response in specific cells in target organs

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17
Q

Adrenaline

A

Hormone produced in the adrenal gland prepares body for intense action (fight or flight)

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18
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers

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19
Q

Thyroxine

A

-Hormone produced in thyroid gland -regulates metabolic rate -levels controlled by negative feedback

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20
Q

Nervous response to stimulus (including CNS)

A

Receptors->sensory neurones->spinal cord->brain->spinal cord->motor neurones->effectors

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21
Q

Effectors

A

Muscles or glands that cause response

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22
Q

Central nervous system

A

Decides appropriate response (relay neurons) Made up of the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

Reflex arc

A

-misses out CNS to reduce reaction time to about 0.2 seconds Stimulus->receptor->sensory neurone->spinal cord->motor neurone->effector->response

24
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

-all the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. -these are sensory neurones and motor neurones

25
Q

Sensory neurones

A

Carry nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS

26
Q

Motor neurones

A

Carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors

27
Q

Nervous system repairability

A

PNS-Limited regeneration,leaving numbness and loss of coordination CNS-Cannot regenerate, only repairable through surgery, often impossible to repair

28
Q

Shortsightedness caused by

A

-lens too strong -eyeball too long

29
Q

Shortsightedness corrected by

A

-concave lens

30
Q

Longsightedness caused by

A

-lens too weak -eyeball too short

31
Q

Longsightedness corrected by

A

Convex lens

32
Q

Photoreceptor cells in retina

A

Rods and cones

33
Q

Rods

A

Respond to light and allow you to see in low light levels Not responsive to different colours

34
Q

Cones

A

These respond to different colours.Different cone ce.le respond to red blue and green light

35
Q

Colour blindness caused by

A

-problem with cone cells

36
Q

Light to image path (eye)

A

Light->cornea->pupil->lens->retina(image produced)->optical lobe in brain

37
Q

Ways to investigate the brain

A

1-Studying stroke victims 2-Inserting electrodes 3-CT scans 4-MRI scans

38
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging -powerful magnets to identify brain abnormalities

39
Q

fMRI

A

-function magnetic resonance imaging -same as MRI but produces images in real time

40
Q

CT

A

Computed tomography -uses X-rays to create 3D images

41
Q

Cerebrum

A

-Controls complex behaviour such as learning,memory,personality and conscious though -largest part of the brain

42
Q

Skull

A

Protects the brain

43
Q

Cerebellum

A

-controls posture,balance,and involuntary movements -leaf shaped thing at the back below the cerebrum

44
Q

Medulla

A

-Controls automatic actions such as heart rate and breathing rate

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-regulates temperature and water balance

46
Q

Pituitary gland

A

-Stores and releases hormones that regulate many body functions

47
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Secreted by the pituitary gland.It travels to the ovaries where it causes an egg to mature.It also stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.

48
Q

Oestrogen

A

Made and secreted by the ovaries.It causes the lining of the uterus to build up. As oestrogen levels rise they inhibit the production of FSH.This usually prevents more than one egg maturing.It also stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinising hormone (LH)

49
Q

Luteinising hormone (LH)

A

When LH reaches a peak in the middle of the cycle,ovulation is triggered

50
Q

Progesterone

A

Maintains the uterus lining.Levels of this hormone remain high throughout pregnancy

51
Q

Non-hormonal methods of contraception

A

These are physical barriers preventing sperm from contacting the egg, or physical devices that release chemicals that kill sperm Eg-condoms

52
Q

Hormonal methods of contraception

A

-Use hormones to disrupt the female reproductive system Eg-Oestrogen and progesterone pills to thicken mucus

53
Q

Hypertonic

A

Contain high levels of glucose and salts

54
Q

Hypotonic

A

Contain low levels of glucose and salts

55
Q

Isotonic

A

Contain ion concentration equal to those in blood plasma

Biology (6 decks)

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