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Biology > B3 Living and Growing INCOMPLETE > Flashcards

B3 Living and Growing INCOMPLETE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define nucleus

A

contains the dna in the form of chromosomes.

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2
Q

define cell membrane fuction

A

hold the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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3
Q

what is a ribosome and where is it found?

A

it is where protiens are synthesised. found in animal cells

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4
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

a gel-like substance whre chemical reactions happen inside cells

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5
Q

what are mitrochondria and where are they found?

A

it is where most respriation reactions take place inside animal cells
musicle and lover clees need lots of respration so have lots of mitrochondria in their cells

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6
Q

what makes an plant cell different to an animal cell

A

it has chlorplasts cell wall and vacuole

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7
Q

define chloroplasts

A

green blobs where photosynthesis takes place

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8
Q

define cell wall

A

it is made of cellulose and supports the plant cell

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9
Q

define vacuole.

A

a relatively large structure that contains cell sap.( a weak sollution of sugar and salts

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10
Q

what do bacteria cells have.

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, dna strand, no chlorolast or mitrochondria

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11
Q

what do bacteria cell not have?

A

nucleus
chloroplatst
mitrochondria

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12
Q

what is a chromsome made up of/

A

dna coiled up

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13
Q

what is the shape of dna

A

a double helix on a sugar phosphate backbone

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14
Q

what are the four bases on dna

A

A C T G

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15
Q

what are the base pairs

A

AT (straght ones)
CG (curvy ones)
these are complimentray base-paring

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16
Q

define unicellular

A

orgainsims with just one cell (BACTERIA)

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17
Q

what is a chlorplasts made of

A

green pcgments that asorb energy. they are enbeded in disks like structures and arranged in stacks (thyiakoids)

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18
Q

what is a triplet codon?

A

a series on 3 base pairs.

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19
Q

what odes a triplet codon do.

A

codes for a spesific type of amino acid

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20
Q

what do amino acids produce

A

protiens. each protein has a different shape/ numer of amino acids. thus they all have different fuctions

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21
Q

what is they type of amino acid made dependnet on.

A

the order of the base pairs

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22
Q

who are watson and crick ad what did they do?

A

discovered the model for dna

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23
Q

how does dna replicate itself/

A 
the cell divides. the doible helix "unzips"/ spearates.
new nucleotides (MRNA) join on using compilmetary base pairs.this makes and exact copy of the dna on the other stand 
this results in two double stranded molecules of dna that are idnetical to the orginal.
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24
Q

how are protiens made?

A

by readingthe code in dna

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25
Q

define nucleotide

A

free floating in the nucleus. its a small molecue containing bases.

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26
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of dna that codes for a particular protein

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27
Q

what decides the order of amino acids in a proein/

A

the order of bases in a gene

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28
Q

WHAT IS RNA

A

DNA with no t but a u instead

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29
Q

how does protein synthesis happen

A

the dna unzips
RNA joins up with it
RNA coppies the gene
it is now MRNA a messenger
it goes to the ribosomes where the triplet condon/genes are read
the correct amino acid is produced and joined into a chain
amino acids released into cytoplasm where the join in chains to make a protien

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30
Q

what do ribosomes use.

A

code in dna that the mrna/rna has coppied.

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31
Q

why does the rna have to take coppies on the dna codes. and how?

A

the dna cont move out of the nucleus as its realy big so the code need to get from the nucleus to the ribosomes.the mrna acts as a messenger by copping the code.

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32
Q

what can dna control

A

a cell by controling protein production. they can switch off certain genes to stop procuctionin cells.

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33
Q

what do switched on genes determine/

A

the type of cell. there is a full set on genes i each cell but no all are needed. a mucsle cell doesnt need never, skin or bone genes so thye are tuened off but muclse cell procuction are turned on.

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34
Q

what is a mutation.

A

a change in the base order.
addition, removal or substutuional
this changes the triplet codon so the amino acid code had changes too and thus the protien too

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35
Q

how does mutatuon of dna occur

A

radiation and chemicals

36
Q

name four types of protiens

A

enzymes
carrier molecules
hormones
structural enzmes

37
Q

what is a carrier molecule

A

haemaglobin is used to transport oxygen around the blood.

used to transport smaler molecues

38
Q

what is a hormone used for

A

to cary messages around the body. eg insulin is released into the blood by the pnacreas to regulate blood sugar levels.

39
Q

what is a structual proteins job/

A

to be physically srtong.EG. collagen strengthen connective tissues ike ligaments and cartilage and tendons.

40
Q

what is an enzymes job

A

a BIOLOGICAL CATALYST that controls chemical reactions in cells.

41
Q

define catalyst

A

a substance that speeds up a reaction.it is not changed or used up in the reaction

42
Q

every biological reaction has its own what….

A

enzyme designed spesifically for it. each enzymes is coded for by a differnt gene and has a unique shape for its job

43
Q

define substarate

A

the moelcue changed in the reaction

the reactant

44
Q

define active site

A

the part where the enzymes joins the substrate

45
Q

enzymes have a high ….

A

high specifity for their substrate

usally only work with one substrate.

46
Q

what has to work to allow the enzymes to work.

A

the substarte has to fit into the active site on the enzyme. otherwise it wont be catalysed.this is the lock and key mechanism theory.

47
Q

what do enzymes need to work?

A

the correct temperature and PH

48
Q

chaning the temp of a reaction alters the…..

A

the rate of an enzymes catalysed reaction

high temp= faster reaction and vice versa

49
Q

what is an enzymes optimun temperature.

A

30-40 human enymes like 37 degrees

50
Q

why does a higher temp cause a fater reaction

A

the more heat means enzymes and substrate has more energy.this makes them move about more so they collide more and react. HIGHER COLLISION RATE

51
Q

what will happen if the reaction get too hot?

A

some of the bonds holding the enzymes together will break. the enyme will lose shape (denature) and the active site will not fit the substrate any more and it is not catalysed.

52
Q

what happens if the Ph of an enzyme reaction is too high or low?

A

it interferes with the bonds holding the enzymes together.. this changes the active site and it denatures.

53
Q

what is an enymes optimun PH?

A

often neurtral (7) but it can differ. pepsin works best at Ph2 and acidic conditions

54
Q

what is Q10?

A

it shows the rate of reaction and how it changes with temperature

55
Q

wats the formulae of Q10?

A

rate at lower temperature

56
Q

what des at Q10 of 2 mean/show?

A

te rate doubles when the tep of raised by 10degres. a Q10 of 3 means it trebles/triples

57
Q

what can mutations cause? in reprodcutive cells and body cells.

A

in reproductive cells the baby might develop abnormay or die

in body cells the mutated cells can multiply uncontralbly and invade the body(cancer)

58
Q

how can mutations be beneficial?

A

it ca casue an improvemnt that gives the organism a survival advantages.this is natural selection and evolution at work

59
Q

what is the main cause of mutaions. ad where do they come form and what do they cause.

A

sometime it ca happen spontaneously whn a chromosome doesnt copy properly
usaly due to radiation (xrays, ultraviolet light or radioactive substances)
or due to chmicals such as mutagen or carcinogens (cigarette smoke) these cause cancers

60
Q

what are the advantages of being muticellular?

A

your bigger.
cell differnetation
more complex

61
Q

how is being a bigger organiams helpful

A

you can travel further, get nurtiens in lots of ways, fewer thinks can eat or squash you.

62
Q

how is having cell differentiation helpful/

A

you have differtn cells for certain jobs.ad they are adapted for their jobs

63
Q

how is being a more comlex orgainsm good?

A

you can have specialised organswith different shapes ad behaviour.. this allows us to be adapted for or environemt particualry

64
Q

define MITOSIS

A

making new cells for growth and repair.

cells reproducing by splitting to form two identical offspring

65
Q

what are the5 stages of MITOSIS?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase               IPMAT
Anaphase
Telephase
66
Q

what happens at the first stage of MITOSIS?

A

the dna in the cell is replicated INTERPHASE

67
Q

what happens at the scond stage of MITOSIS?

A

the dna coils into double armed chrosmosomes. these are exact coppies of the same dna (the left and right arm are the same) PROFASE

68
Q

what happnes at the 3rd stage of MITOSIS?

A

the chosmomes line up at the center of the cells and divide as fibers pull them appart.
METAPHASE
the fibers apull the chromsomes to the opposite ends (poles) of the cell. ANAPHASE

69
Q

what is the last stage of MITOSIS

A

the cytoplasm divides and you get two new cells containg the same genetic information. TELEPHASE

70
Q

Define MEIOSIS

A

cell division to create sex cells/ gametes

71
Q

where are gamets made.

A

in the ovaries and testes by meiosis

72
Q

define diploid

A

body cells. two copies of each chromsome in the nucleus- one from each parent
Diploid = double

73
Q

define haploid

A

gametes. only have one cipy of each cromsomes. so wen the egg and sperm combine they form a diploid cell
HAploid= HAlf

74
Q

what the first stage of meiosis/

A

the dna replicates and curls up to form double armed chromosomes

75
Q

whats the second stage of meiosis after the dna replicates?

A

the chromosomes arrange into pairs (23pairs / 46 alltogether)

76
Q

what happens in meiosis after the chromosomes arrange into pairs?

A

in the first division the pairs split up nd move to oppostie poles of the cell.in each new cell there are no pairs just one of each. each new cell ends up with a mixture of your parents chromosomes but only half the usual number of chromosomes

77
Q

wha are the basic stages of meiosis?

A

ne pair of chromosomes before division, they replicate. the cell thendivides into 4 (new sex cells)

78
Q

what does fertilisation create?

A

a diploid cell called a zygote

79
Q

what controlls of characterisitics of a zygote?

A

the combination of genes on its chrmosomes

80
Q

whats an allele?

A

a gene code for differnt characterisitics

81
Q

what type of cell os a sexcell?

A

haploid gamete

82
Q

what is a sperms fuction?

A

to transport the males dna to the females egg

83
Q

why do sperm have tails?

A

to help them swim, it used a flicly motion to move quickly

84
Q

how do sperm have energy?

A

lots of mitochondria in the mid piece that produce lots of energy

85
Q

how do sperm get through the membrane of the egg?

A

in the acrosome at the tip of the head enzymes are released that digest and get through the membrane

Biology (6 decks)

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