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biology > B3 Infection of Response > Flashcards

B3 Infection of Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What do pathogens cause?

A

They cause communicable (infectious) diseases that can be easily spread

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2
Q

Where does rose black spot spread to?

A

It spreads through the environment or by the wind

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3
Q

What can HIV be controlled by?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

These stop the virus replicating in the body

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4
Q

What type of disease is gonorrhoea?

A

It is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)

STDs are passed on by sexual contact e.g. having unprotected sex

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5
Q

What can measles sometimes lead to?

A
  • Pneumonia (a lung infection)

- Encephalitis ( a brain infection)

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6
Q

What is digitalis used for?

A

It is used to treat heart conditions

It was developed from a chemically found in foxgloves

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7
Q

What is salmonella?

A

It is a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning

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8
Q

How do hairs and mucus protect us from diseases?

A

Hairs and mucus in your nose trap particles that could contain pathogens

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9
Q

How does the stomach protect us from diseases?

A

It produces hydrochloric acid. This kills pathogens that make it that far from the mouth

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10
Q

How can people treat rose black spot?

A

Gardeners can treat the disease using fungicides and by stripping the plant of its affected leaves
These leaves then need to be destroyed so that the fungus can’t spread to other rose plants

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11
Q

Some drugs were extracted from microorganisms

An example is…..

A

Alexander Fleming was clearing out some Petri dishes
He noticed that one of the dishes of bacteria also had mould on it and the area around the mould was free of the bacteria.
He found that the mould (called penicillin notatum) on the Petri dish was producing a substance that killed the bacteria - this substance was pencillin

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12
Q

What ways can pathogens spread?

A
  1. Water - drinking dirty water
  2. Air - Droplets produced when you cough or sneeze
  3. Direct contact - touching contaminated surfaces
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13
Q

How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

A

By stopping the mosquitoes from breeding

People can be protected using insecticides and mosquito nets

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14
Q

What happens every time a mosquito feeds off another animal?

A

It infects it by inserting the protist into the animals blood vessels

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15
Q

How is measles spread?

A

It is spread by droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough

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16
Q

What are pathogens?

A

They are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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17
Q

What do people with salmonella suffer from?

A
  • Fever
  • Stomach cramps
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
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18
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

They are drugs that relieve pain but they dot actually tackle the cause of the idea or kill pathogens, they just help to reduce the symptoms

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19
Q

What are viruses?

A

Viruses are not cells. They are tiny.
They reproduce rapidly inside your body
They live inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinery to produce may copies of themselves.
The cell will then usually burst, releasing all the new viruses
This cell damage is what makes you fell ill

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20
Q

Give some facts a bout bacteria

A
  • Bacteria can mutate (change)

This can cause them t be resistant to an antibiotic

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21
Q

What do plants do?

A

They produce a variety of chemicals to defend themselves against pests and pathogens
Some of these chemicals can used as drugs to treat hum diseases or relieve symptoms

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22
Q

What was gonorrhoea treated with?

A

It was originally treated with an antibiotic called penicillin
But this has become trickier now because strains of the bacteria have become resistant to it

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23
Q

What is gonorrhoea used by?

A

Bacteria

24
Q

How are the symptoms of salmonella caused?

A

They are caused by toxins that the bacteria produce

25
Q

How can you get salmonella food poisoning?

A

By eating food that has been contaminated with salmonella bacteria
E.G. eating chicken that caught the disease whilst it was alive, or eating food that has been contaminated by being prepared in unhygienic conditions

26
Q

How do you prevent the spread of bacteria?

A

People can be treated with antibiotics

Should use barrier methods of contraception, such as condoms

27
Q

What is asprin used as?

A

It is used as a painkiller and to lower fever

It was developed from a chemical found in willow

28
Q

What happens when pathogens make it into your body?

A

Your immune system kicks in to destroy them
The most important part of you immune system is your white blood cells. They travel in your blood and crawl into every part of you, constantly patrolling for microbes
When they come across an invading microbe, they have three lines of attack

29
Q

What are protists?

A

There are lots of different types of protists

They are single-celled eukaryotes

30
Q

How can you control the spread of salmonella?

A

In the UK, most poultry (e.g. chicken or turkey) is given a vaccination against salmonella

31
Q

How can the spread of disease be prevented?

A
  1. Being hygienic - washing your hands
  2. destroying vectors
  3. isolating infected individuals
  4. vaccination
32
Q

What is malaria?

A

Malaria is caused by a protist
Part of the malarial protists life cycle takes place inside the mosquito.
The mosquitoes are vectors

33
Q

What symptoms can HIV cause?

A
  • Flu like symptoms for a few weeks
34
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  • Pain when you urinate

- Thick yellow discharge from the vagina or penis

35
Q

What do vaccinations involve?

A

Injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens.

These carry antigens, which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them

36
Q

What type of disease is measles?

A

It is a viral disease

37
Q

What are the three lines of attack of the white blood cells?

A
  1. Consuming them - They engulf foreign cells and digest them
    These are called phagocytosis
  2. Producing antibodies - When white blood cells come across a forge in pathogen, they will start to produce proteins and antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed.
    The antibodies produced are specific to that type of antigen - they won’t lock onto any others
    Antibodies are then produced rapidly and carried around around the body
  3. Producing antitoxins - These invade bacteria
38
Q

What do people with measles develop?

A
  • Red skin rash

- Fever

39
Q

What are fungi?

A

Fungi come in different shapes
Some fungi are single celled
Others have a body which is made of hyphae (threat like structures)
These hyper can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing diseases
The hyphae can produce spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals

40
Q

What symptoms does malaria cause?

A

It causes repeating episodes of fever. It can be fatal

41
Q

What are the pros of vaccinations?

A
  1. Help control lots of diseases (e.g. polio, measels, mumps, coughs etc.)
  2. Big outbreak of disease - called epidemics - can be prevented if a large percent of the population is vaccinate
    Wont be spread further
42
Q

What are the cons of vaccinations?

A
  1. They don’t always work - sometimes don’t give you immunity
  2. Sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine (e.g. swelling, fever) - but are very rare
43
Q

When are most people vaccinated agin measles?

A

When they are young

44
Q

What does TMV cause?

A

It causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants - part of the leaves become discoloured
This discolouration means the plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well, so the virus affects growth

45
Q

What is Tobacco mosaic virus? (TMV)

A

It is a virus that affects many species of plants E.G. tomatoes

46
Q

What are some protists called?

A

Parasites
they live on or inside other organisms and can cause them damage
They are often transferred to the organism by a vector, which doesn’t get the disease itself E.G. and insect that carries the protist

47
Q

What is HIV?

A

HIV is a virus spread by sexual contact or by exchanging blodily fluid E.G. blood
This can happen to people who share needles when taking drugs

48
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Bateria are very small cells which reproduce rapidly inside your body
They make you feel ill by producing toxins (poisons) that damage your cells and tissues

49
Q

How does the trachea and the bronchi protect us from diseases?

A

The trachea and bronchi (breathing pipework) secrete mucus to trap pathogens
They are lined with cilia. These are hair like structures, which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed

50
Q

There are 3 main stages in drug testing.

What are they?

A
  1. Tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
  2. Next is live animals:
    - To test of efficacy (whether the drug works)
    - To find out about its toxicity (how harmful it is)
    - To find the best dosage (how often it should be given)
    - The law in the uk states that the drug has to be tested on 2 different live animals :
    - It is the safest way so the drug isn’t dangerous for humans
  3. If drug passes tests on live animal, it is tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial.
    - It is tested on healthy volunteers - make sure there is no harmful side affects
    - Then it is tested on people who suffer from illness. - the optimum dosage is found
    - To test how well the drug work, patients are randomly put into 2 groups. One is given the real new drug and one is given a placebo - to see the difference
    - Trials are often double blind - neither the patient or doctor knows until the results have been gathered - so no one is biased
    - Then are peer reviewed by other doctors - to prevent false claims
51
Q

What features do the human body have to try and stop diseases or infections into your body?

A
  • The skin
  • Hairs and mucus n your nose
  • The trachea and bronchi
  • The stomach
52
Q

How does the skin protect us from diseases?

A
  • The skin acts as a barrier against pathogens

- It also secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens

53
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

They actually kill different types of Bactria, so its important to be treated with the right one.
But they do not destroy viruses

54
Q

What type of disease is is rose black spot?

A

A fungus that causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants.
The leaves turn yellow and drop off
This means that less photosynthesis can happen, so the plant doesn’t grow very well

55
Q

What does HIV do to the immune cells?

A

It attacks them
If the bodys immune system is badly damaged, it can’t cope with other infections or cancers
At this stage, the virus is known as late stage HIV infection, or AIDS

biology (3 decks)

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