B3 Infection and response/B4 Bioenergetics random revision questions (pages 43-56) Flashcards
What term can be used to describe micoorganisms that enter the body and cause disease?
Pathogens
Why do the toxins produced by bacteria make us feel ill?
They damage cells and tissues
What does it mean if a disease can be spread by ‘direct contact’?
Pathogens can be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces, including skin
Which cells of the body does HIV attack?
Immune Cells
Name a virus that causes discoloured patches on the leaves of many species of plants, including tomatoes?
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Explain why rose black spot causes reduced growth in rose plants?
It causes purple or black spots to develop on leaves. The leaves then turn yellow and drop off. This means that less photosynthesis can occur, so the plant doesn’t grow very well.
Give two ways that the spread of malaria can be reduced?
Any two from e.g.
By stopping the mosquitoes from breeding.
By using insecticides
By using mosquito nets
Give one way that Salmonella bacteria can be spread?
E.g. by eating food that has been contaminated with the bacteria
Describe the discharge that can occur with a gonorrhoea infection?
A thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis
Give two ways that the spread of disease can be reduced or prevented?
Any two from e.g.
Being hygienic
Destroying Vectors
Isolating infected individuals
Vaccination
How does the stomach defend against infection in the human body?
It produces hydrochloric acid, which kills pathogens
What is the name of the process where white blood cells engulf and digest foreign cells?
Phagoctosis
What are produced by white blood cells to stop the toxins of invading bacteria from working?
Antitoxins
How do vaccines result in the production of antibodies?
They contain dead or inactive pathogens which carry antigens that stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies.
A child is vaccinated against measles. Describe the immune response you would expect if measles pathogens re-entered their body?
Their white blood cells would quickly produce lots of the correct antibodies to kill off the measles pathogens, preventing infection.
Give two advantages of vaccination?
Any two from e.g.
. Vaccines have helped control lots of communicable diseases that used to be common in the UK.
. Big outbreaks of the disease (epidemics) can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated.
. Vaccines prevent those that have been vaccinated from getting ill.
What is the main difference between how painkillers and antibiotics treat disease?
Painkillers releive the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens, whereas antibiotics kill bacteria that cause disease.
Bacteria can mutate. What concern does this raise for treating bacterial infections with antibiotics?
Some mutations can cause bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics.
What is the name of the heart drug that was developed from a chemical found in foxgloves?
Digitalis
In the first step of preclinical testing, what are new drugs tested on?
Human cells and tissues in the lab
What is the ‘optimum dose’ of a drug?
The dose of the drug that is the most effective and has the fewest side effects
What name is given to a clinical trial where neigher the doctor nor the patient know who received the real drug and who receives a placebo?
Double-blind
During Photosynthesis, energy is transferred from the environment to the chemicals in the plant. What name is given to the type of reaction in which this happens
Endothermic reaction
The word equation for photosynthesis is shown below…
__________ + water light
»_space;» glucose + oxygen.
which compound is missing from the equation?
Carbon dioxide
What is the chemical formula of glucose?
C6 H12 O6
Give three ways that a plant uses the glucose it produces during photosynthesis?
Any three from e.g:
For respiration
Making cellulose for strong cell walls
Producing starch for storage
Producing oil or fat for storage
Producing amino acids for protein synthesis.
Plants use Nitrate Ions in protein synthesis. Where do the Nitrate Ions come from?
The plant absorbs them from the soil.
Why would decreasing the amount of chlorophyll in a plant affect the rate at which the plant can photosynthesise?
Chlorophyll is a substance in the leaf that absorbs light. So if the plant contains less chlorophyll, it won’t be able to absorb as much light.
If carbon dioxide concentration is the limiting factor of photosynthesis, how will increasing it affect the rate of photosynthesis?
It will increase the rate of photosynthesis.
Explain why the temperature must be controlled when investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
Temperature is another factor that effects the rate of photosynthesis. The temperature must be kept the same, or you won’t know if its the light intensity or the temperature causing the change in the rate of photosynthesis.
The formula for the inverse square law is shown below.
1 Light intensity \_\_\_\_\_\_
what term is missing from the formula?
Distance²
Give two things that a farmer could do to help create the ideal conditions for photosynthesis inside a greenhouse?
Any two from e.g.
Put electric lights in the greenhouse
Put a heater in the greenhouse in winter.
Use shades or ventilation in summer
Use a parffin heater in the greenhouse.
A greenhouse is lit with electric lights. Why is it important for the farmer that the lights are not on when they are not needed?
This would waste money and energy reducing the farmers profit.
Give one way that an animal might use the energy transferred by respiration which would not apply to a plant?
Any one from, e.g.:
To allow their muscles to conract (so they can move
To keep their body temperature steady (to keep warm).
What term is used for the sum of all the reactions happening in a cell or body?
Metabolism
The diagram below outlines the metabolic process involved in making proteins.
Glucose
\
???????? »_space;»» proteins
/
Nitrate
ions
What is missing from the middle box? (???????)
Amino Acids
Which type of respiration transfers the most energy?
Aerobic respiration
Name the only product of anaerobic respiration in the human body?
Lactic Acid
Name one substance that plants produce when they’re respiring anaerobically that they don’t produce when they’re respiring aerobically?
Ethanol
The word equation of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is shown below.
___________»_space;»»ethanol + carbon dioxide
which compound is missing from the equation?
Glucose
Why is fermentation in yeast cells an important reaction in bread production?
It produces carbon dioxide. Bubbles of carbon dioxide are what makes the bread rise.
Why does a person’s breathing rate and heart rate increase when they’re exercising?
To supply their muscles with oxygenated blood more quickly
Describe two ways that lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration is removed from the body?
It reacts with oxygen in the muscle cells to form carbon dioxide and water. It is converted to glucose in the liver
