B3 Infection and response/B4 Bioenergetics random revision questions (pages 43-56)

Question 1

What term can be used to describe micoorganisms that enter the body and cause disease?

Answer 1

Pathogens

Question 2

Why do the toxins produced by bacteria make us feel ill?

Answer 2

They damage cells and tissues

Question 3

What does it mean if a disease can be spread by ‘direct contact’?

Answer 3

Pathogens can be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces, including skin

Question 4

Which cells of the body does HIV attack?

Answer 4

Immune Cells

Question 5

Name a virus that causes discoloured patches on the leaves of many species of plants, including tomatoes?

Answer 5

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

Question 6

Explain why rose black spot causes reduced growth in rose plants?

Answer 6

It causes purple or black spots to develop on leaves. The leaves then turn yellow and drop off. This means that less photosynthesis can occur, so the plant doesn’t grow very well.

Question 7

Give two ways that the spread of malaria can be reduced?

Answer 7

Any two from e.g.

By stopping the mosquitoes from breeding.
By using insecticides
By using mosquito nets

Question 8

Give one way that Salmonella bacteria can be spread?

Answer 8

E.g. by eating food that has been contaminated with the bacteria

Question 9

Describe the discharge that can occur with a gonorrhoea infection?

Answer 9

A thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis

Question 10

Give two ways that the spread of disease can be reduced or prevented?

Answer 10

Any two from e.g.

Being hygienic
Destroying Vectors
Isolating infected individuals
Vaccination

Question 11

How does the stomach defend against infection in the human body?

Answer 11

It produces hydrochloric acid, which kills pathogens

Question 12

What is the name of the process where white blood cells engulf and digest foreign cells?

Answer 12

Phagoctosis

Question 13

What are produced by white blood cells to stop the toxins of invading bacteria from working?

Answer 13

Antitoxins

Question 14

How do vaccines result in the production of antibodies?

Answer 14

They contain dead or inactive pathogens which carry antigens that stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies.

Question 15

A child is vaccinated against measles. Describe the immune response you would expect if measles pathogens re-entered their body?

Answer 15

Their white blood cells would quickly produce lots of the correct antibodies to kill off the measles pathogens, preventing infection.

Question 16

Give two advantages of vaccination?

Answer 16

Any two from e.g.

. Vaccines have helped control lots of communicable diseases that used to be common in the UK.

. Big outbreaks of the disease (epidemics) can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated.

. Vaccines prevent those that have been vaccinated from getting ill.

Question 17

What is the main difference between how painkillers and antibiotics treat disease?

Answer 17

Painkillers releive the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens, whereas antibiotics kill bacteria that cause disease.

Question 18

Bacteria can mutate. What concern does this raise for treating bacterial infections with antibiotics?

Answer 18

Some mutations can cause bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics.

Question 19

What is the name of the heart drug that was developed from a chemical found in foxgloves?

Answer 19

Digitalis

Question 20

In the first step of preclinical testing, what are new drugs tested on?

Answer 20

Human cells and tissues in the lab

Question 21

What is the ‘optimum dose’ of a drug?

Answer 21

The dose of the drug that is the most effective and has the fewest side effects

Question 22

What name is given to a clinical trial where neigher the doctor nor the patient know who received the real drug and who receives a placebo?

Answer 22

Double-blind

Question 23

During Photosynthesis, energy is transferred from the environment to the chemicals in the plant. What name is given to the type of reaction in which this happens

Answer 23

Endothermic reaction

Question 24

The word equation for photosynthesis is shown below…

__________ + water light
&raquo_space;» glucose + oxygen.

which compound is missing from the equation?

Answer 24

Carbon dioxide

Question 25

What is the chemical formula of glucose?

Answer 25

C6 H12 O6

Question 26

Give three ways that a plant uses the glucose it produces during photosynthesis?

Answer 26

Any three from e.g:

For respiration
Making cellulose for strong cell walls
Producing starch for storage
Producing oil or fat for storage
Producing amino acids for protein synthesis.

Question 27

Plants use Nitrate Ions in protein synthesis. Where do the Nitrate Ions come from?

Answer 27

The plant absorbs them from the soil.

Question 28

Why would decreasing the amount of chlorophyll in a plant affect the rate at which the plant can photosynthesise?

Answer 28

Chlorophyll is a substance in the leaf that absorbs light. So if the plant contains less chlorophyll, it won’t be able to absorb as much light.

Question 29

If carbon dioxide concentration is the limiting factor of photosynthesis, how will increasing it affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 29

It will increase the rate of photosynthesis.

Question 30

Explain why the temperature must be controlled when investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 30

Temperature is another factor that effects the rate of photosynthesis. The temperature must be kept the same, or you won’t know if its the light intensity or the temperature causing the change in the rate of photosynthesis.

Question 31

The formula for the inverse square law is shown below.

                            1 Light intensity     \_\_\_\_\_\_

what term is missing from the formula?

Answer 31

Distance²

Question 32

Give two things that a farmer could do to help create the ideal conditions for photosynthesis inside a greenhouse?

Answer 32

Any two from e.g.

Put electric lights in the greenhouse
Put a heater in the greenhouse in winter.
Use shades or ventilation in summer
Use a parffin heater in the greenhouse.

Question 33

A greenhouse is lit with electric lights. Why is it important for the farmer that the lights are not on when they are not needed?

Answer 33

This would waste money and energy reducing the farmers profit.

Question 34

Give one way that an animal might use the energy transferred by respiration which would not apply to a plant?

Answer 34

Any one from, e.g.:

To allow their muscles to conract (so they can move

To keep their body temperature steady (to keep warm).

Question 35

What term is used for the sum of all the reactions happening in a cell or body?

Answer 35

Metabolism

Question 36

The diagram below outlines the metabolic process involved in making proteins.

Glucose
\
???????? &raquo_space;»» proteins
/
Nitrate
ions

What is missing from the middle box? (???????)

Answer 36

Amino Acids

Question 37

Which type of respiration transfers the most energy?

Answer 37

Aerobic respiration

Question 38

Name the only product of anaerobic respiration in the human body?

Answer 38

Lactic Acid

Question 39

Name one substance that plants produce when they’re respiring anaerobically that they don’t produce when they’re respiring aerobically?

Answer 39

Ethanol

Question 40

The word equation of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is shown below.

___________&raquo_space;»»ethanol + carbon dioxide

which compound is missing from the equation?

Answer 40

Glucose

Question 41

Why is fermentation in yeast cells an important reaction in bread production?

Answer 41

It produces carbon dioxide. Bubbles of carbon dioxide are what makes the bread rise.

Question 42

Why does a person’s breathing rate and heart rate increase when they’re exercising?

Answer 42

To supply their muscles with oxygenated blood more quickly

Question 43

Describe two ways that lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration is removed from the body?

Answer 43

It reacts with oxygen in the muscle cells to form carbon dioxide and water. It is converted to glucose in the liver