B3 Infection And Response Flashcards
What is a communicable disease
A disease a disease that can be spread from one organism to another
What is a non communicable disease
A disease that is non infectious, long term and cannot be spread. Instead they are a result of lifestyle, genetics or environment
Examples of communicable diseases
Cholera, HIV/AiDS, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, polio
Examples of non communicable diseases
Coronary heart disease, COPD, skin cancer, depression, cystic fibrosis, diabetes
What is a pathogen?
A micro organism that causes infectious disease
Different types of pathogens?
Virus, bacteria, protists, fungi
How is infectious diseases spread?
Direct contact, water, air, droplets, food
How to prevent infectious disease
Improving hygiene (in food too), reducing contact, isolation, vaccinations, removing vectors (pesticides or insecticides )
Examples of viral diseases?
Measles, HIV, TMV
What is measles
A viral disease that affects animals (mainly children)
How is measles spread?
Droplets infection
Symptoms of measles?
Fever and red rashes, can lead to pneumonia and blindness
How is measles prevented
Isolation, vaccinations for children
What is HIV?
A viral disease that affects animals
How is HIV spread?
Sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids like blood
What are symptoms of HIV?
Flu like symptoms, attacks immune cells can lead to aids
What is the treatment and prevention for HIV?
Antiretroviral drugs to stop virus replication, barrier contraception
What is TMV?
Tobacco mosaic virus, a viral diseases that affects animals plants
How is TMV spread?
Enters plants through wounds and contacts between plants, vectors like insects
What are symptoms of TMV?
Discolouration of leaves, mosaic pattern, yellow spotting , stunting, malformation
What is the prevention of TMV?
Removal of infected plants, controlling pests, sterilising
What are examples of bacterial diseases?
Salmonella, gonorrhoea
What is salmonella?
A bacterial disease that is food poisoning caused by salmonella bacteria
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
Fever, stomach cramps,vomitting, diarrhoea
How is salmonella spread?
Bacteria found in raw meat, eggs
What is the treatment and prevention of salmonella?
Vaccinated poultry, cook food thoroughly
What is gonorrhoea?
A bacterial disease that is an STD
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Thick discharge, pain whilst urination
How is gonorrhoea spread?
Spread through unprotected sexual contact
Teartement and prevention for gonorrhoea?
Contraception, antibiotics, penicillin
What is an example of a fungal disease?
Rose black spot
What is rose black spot?
A fungal disease that affects plants
What are symptoms of rose black spot?
Purple or black spots on leaves of rose plants, which turns yellow and drops leaves. Reduces ability to photosynthesise
How is rose black spot spread?
Spores of fungus are spread through water, air and contact
What is the prevention for rose black spot?
Fungicides
What is a protist?
Eukaryotic single celles organisms that can vary in features
What is an example of a protist disease?
Malaria
What is a parasite?
A protists that lives off another organism and causes it harm
What is malaria?
A protist disease that enters red blood cells and damages them
What are symptoms for malaria?
Fevers and shaking (when protists burst blood cells), tiredness, difficulty breathing, jaundice, seizures
How is malaria spread?
The vector is a female anopheles mosquito. The mosquito injects plasmodium into a human, then the plasmodium (malarial protist) a sexually reproduces in the liver, they become gametes in the red blood cells, then the mosquito drinks the blood and sexual reproduction happens in the mosquito
How is malaria beating treated / prevented?
Insect nets, insecticides, anti malarial medicine, killing mosquitoes
What is a non specific defence?
Does not distinguish between pathogens and its role is to prevent pathogens from entering the body
What are examples of non specific defences in the body?
SKIN:forms a protective layer around the body. The outer layer contains dead cells which pathogens cannot penetrate. The skin produces sebum which can kill bacteria. The skin scabs if cut to prevent pathogens
NOSE HAIRS AND MCUS IN NOSE: traps pathogens, the
CILIA: trachea and bronchi are covered in hairs called cilia which can trap pathogens and waft them uowards
STOMACH: HCl, kills pathogens
What is a specific défense?
Can distinguish between pathogens
What is an example of a specific human défense?
Immune system - white blood cells
What are the different types of white blood cells?
Phagocytes, lymphocytes
What does a phagocyte do?
Phagocytosis x engulfs the pathogen and digests and destroys it
What do B lymphocytes do?
Produce antibodies(y shaped protein spike) which are specific to the antigen of a pathogen. Also produces antitoxins to counteract the toxins from the pathogen by neutralising
What is herd immunity?
Gives protection to those who can’t be vaccinated
How do vaccines work?
1: a small quantity of dead or inactive pathogen is injected into the body
2: an immune response is triggered and white blood cells produce antibodies, antitoxins and perform phagocytosis
3: memory cells are produces that ensures antibodies can be produced much quicker if the pathogen enters again
4:when and if the pathogen enters the body again the immune response is much faster and effective, causing immunity
What are antibiotics?
Medicines that cure bacterial disease by killing bacteria in the body
What is antibiotic resistance?
When an antibiotic is overused and bacteria become resistant to them
What are painkillers?
Drugs used to treat pain, they block the enzymes (COX) in the brain or bind to opioid receptors
Where is the heart drug digitalis extracted from?
Foxglove plant
Where is the pain killer aspirin extracted from?
Willow
Where is penicillin extracted from?
Penicillium mould
Who discovered penicillin and how?
Alexander Fleming
He left some pétri dishes that had been contaminated with mould and he saw that the penicillium mould released a chemical the destroyed all the bacteria around it
What must drugs be tested for ?
Toxicity- are there harmful side effects?
Efficacy- does it work?
Dose- how much?
They are then peer reviewed
What are the three stages of drug development?
Preclinical testing, organism testing
Clinical trials
What is preclinical testing?
Drugs are tested on cells, eficacy and toxicity are tested here
What is organism testing?
A drug is tested in animals like mice, efficacy, toxixty and dosage is tested here
What is clinical trials?
The drug is tested on human volunteers. A double blind trial is where the doctor and patient doesn’t know whether they are getting a placebo. A blind trial is where the doctor knows. An open trial is where both knows
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells that are specific to one antigen
How are monoclonal antibodies produces?
A mouse is unjected with a pathogen to produce antibodies
2: the antibodies are extracted
3: the antibodies are combined with tumour cells as they can divide
3: hybridoma cells are formed
5: they cloned cells are now monoclonal antibodies
6: collected and purified
What are some uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Pregnancy tests, to locate molecules in a tissue by using fluorescent dye, to detect cells like cancer cells, to treat diseases like cancer by not harming other cells, disease diagnosis
Advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
Can treat diseases without harming other cells,cheaper, specificity
Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?
Side effects, animal testing,
How do pregnancy tests work?
1: urine is put onto strip of absorbing pared, is pregnant then it will contain HCG hormone
2: the HCG travels up the strip and there are mobile antibodies connected to blendye at the start of the test
3: they attach to the mobile antibodies and go to the first strip
4: first strip have non mobile antibodies and HCG with antibodies on them attach to the non mobile ones, and the blue dye makes it appear blue
5: the remaining mobilised antibodies travel the the Control Strip where they attach to more immobile antibodies and it appears blue (this is to make sure the urin travelled all the way up the strip and the test worked.
Which minerals to plants need and why?
Nitrate ions - amino acids for protein, lack causes stunted growth and pale leaves
Magnesium ions- synthesis of chlorophyll, lack causes yellow leaves (chlororsis)
Potassium ions -production of fruit and flowers, lack causes no fruit or flowers
What are examples of physical plant défenses?
Cellulose cells wall
Waxy leaf cuticle
Bark
Thorns
Hairy stems
What are examples of mechanical pant défenses?
Drooping leaves
Mimicry
What are example’s of chemical plant défenses?
Antibacterial chemicals
Poisons
