B3 Infection and response Flashcards
what are pathogens
microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
what are the 4 forms that pathogens can take
bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi
what are three ways that pathogens can spread
water
air
direct contact
what type of pathogen do measles come from
viruses
what type of pathogen does HIV come from
viruses
what type of pathogen does tobacco mosaic come from
viruses
how are measles spread
by droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough
what are the symptoms of measles
red skin rash ,fever,blindness
how are measles prevented/treated
vaccinate children
what are the symptoms of HIV
mild flu ,destruction of immune system
how is HIV spread
unprotected sexual contact
how is HIV treated/prevented
barrier method of contraception
what are the symptoms for tobacco mosaic
leaf discolouration,inablilty to photosynthesise
how is tobacco mosaic spread
direct contact
what is the treatment/prevention for tobacco mosaic
good field hygiene
what is a virus
viruses are much smaller than bacteria,they reproduce by entering cells. living there and then damaging the cells before moving on to new ones
what type of pathogen is salmonella caused by
bacteria
what type of pathogen is gonorrhoea caused by
bacteria
what are the symptoms of salmonella
abdominal cramps,vomiting,fever
how is salmonella spread
undercooked food (chicken)
how is salmonella treated/prevented
thoroughly cook chicken
what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea
pain in urination,yellow/green discharge/infertility
how is gonorrhoea spread
unprotected sexual contact
how is gonorrhoea treated/prevented
antibiotics
barrier method of contraception
What is bacteria
single cell organisms that divided rapidly by binary fission. they product toxins and sometimes directly damage your body cells causing damage
What type of pathogens cause malaria
protists
What are the symptoms of malaria
damage to red blood cells, fever, shaking
how is malaria spread
moscitos act as a vector
how is malaria treated\prevented
drugs, insecticides and spraying water
What is a protist
a group of singled cell micro organisms that act as parasites usually spread through vectors
what type of pathogen causes rose black spots
funghi
What are the symptoms of rose black spots
purple spots, bad flowering and leaf dropping
How is rose black spot spread
through wind and rain
How is rose black spot treated\prevented
burning or removing effected leaves
what type of pathogen causes athletes foot
fungi
what are the symptoms of athletes foot
itchy feet, skin irritation, red and flakey skin
how is athletes foot spread
direct contact, sharing socks or shoes
How is athletes foot treated
anti fungal cream
What is fungi
Single or multicellular diseases found in plants or animals and range from minor to fatal
how does the skin defend against pathogens
the skin is slightly acidic helping it to act as a barrier stopping pathogens from entering
it mas microbial secretions
how does the blood defend against pathogens
the blood contains platelets which help it to form clots or scabs
how do the eyes defend against pathogens
we have eyelashes that stop dust and particles from entering your eyes
tears contain an enzyme called lysozyme it washes away unwanted pathogens
how does the trachea defend against pathogens
contains mucus and cilia that help move pathogens up the trachea
how does the stomach defend against pathogens
contains hydrochloric acid which gets rid of unwanted pathogens
how does he nose defend against pathogens
has cilia and hairs which trap and get rid of mucus and unwanted pathogens
what are 3 ways that pathogens are destroyed by white blood cells
engulfing microorganisms
producing antibodies
producing antitoxins
what is an antigen
protein attached to the pathogens which are used to identify if it is a harmful microorganism
what is an antibody
produced by white blood cells to attach to specific pathogens and help with the destruction of the pathogen
what is immunity
the capability of organisms to reduce/resist harmful microorganisms
what is a vaccine
a dead or inactive pathogen used in vaccination to develop immunity to a disease
what are painkillers
substances that relieve the pain but do not cure/kill the pathogens
what are antibiotics
substances that only cure bacterial diseases
what is a drug
a medicine or other substance that has a physiological effect on the body
what is antibiotic resistance
when bacteria become resistant to antibiotics - meaning that they are not destroyed by the antibiotics
what are the 3 things that new drugs must be tested for
efficacy
toxitity
dosage
what is efficacy
the drug must prevent or cure the disease.
what is toxitity
the drug must not be too toxic or have unacceptable side effect
what is dosage
you must be able to take the drug under normal conditions and the effects must last for some time
what is a placebo
a fake drug that has no effect on the body
why do doctors use placebo’s
to compare the effect of the new drug with people who think they are receiving a new drug
what is a double blind trial
neither the doctor or the patients know which drug is the placebo
what is the process for developing a new drug
step 1: identify the active ingredients - 9 years
step 2: computer stimulations/animal testing - 1-2 years
step 3: drug is tested on a small amount of healthy voulenteers - 1-2 years
step 4: drug is tested on a large amount of healthy and sick voulenteers - 2 years
step 5: FDA approval - 1 year
what is a monoclonal antibody
a form of medical treatment that artificially stimulates the immune response to combat specific pathogens
