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Biology flashcards > B3 Infection and response > Flashcards

B3 Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

what are the 4 forms that pathogens can take

A

bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi

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3
Q

what are three ways that pathogens can spread

A

water
air
direct contact

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4
Q

what type of pathogen do measles come from

A

viruses

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5
Q

what type of pathogen does HIV come from

A

viruses

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6
Q

what type of pathogen does tobacco mosaic come from

A

viruses

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7
Q

how are measles spread

A

by droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough

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8
Q

what are the symptoms of measles

A

red skin rash ,fever,blindness

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9
Q

how are measles prevented/treated

A

vaccinate children

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of HIV

A

mild flu ,destruction of immune system

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11
Q

how is HIV spread

A

unprotected sexual contact

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12
Q

how is HIV treated/prevented

A

barrier method of contraception

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13
Q

what are the symptoms for tobacco mosaic

A

leaf discolouration,inablilty to photosynthesise

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14
Q

how is tobacco mosaic spread

A

direct contact

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15
Q

what is the treatment/prevention for tobacco mosaic

A

good field hygiene

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16
Q

what is a virus

A

viruses are much smaller than bacteria,they reproduce by entering cells. living there and then damaging the cells before moving on to new ones

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17
Q

what type of pathogen is salmonella caused by

A

bacteria

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18
Q

what type of pathogen is gonorrhoea caused by

A

bacteria

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19
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella

A

abdominal cramps,vomiting,fever

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20
Q

how is salmonella spread

A

undercooked food (chicken)

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21
Q

how is salmonella treated/prevented

A

thoroughly cook chicken

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22
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

pain in urination,yellow/green discharge/infertility

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23
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread

A

unprotected sexual contact

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24
Q

how is gonorrhoea treated/prevented

A

antibiotics
barrier method of contraception

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25
Q

What is bacteria

A

single cell organisms that divided rapidly by binary fission. they product toxins and sometimes directly damage your body cells causing damage

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26
Q

What type of pathogens cause malaria

A

protists

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27
Q
A
28
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria

A

damage to red blood cells, fever, shaking

29
Q

how is malaria spread

A

moscitos act as a vector

30
Q

how is malaria treated\prevented

A

drugs, insecticides and spraying water

31
Q

What is a protist

A

a group of singled cell micro organisms that act as parasites usually spread through vectors

32
Q

what type of pathogen causes rose black spots

A

funghi

33
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spots

A

purple spots, bad flowering and leaf dropping

34
Q

How is rose black spot spread

A

through wind and rain

35
Q

How is rose black spot treated\prevented

A

burning or removing effected leaves

36
Q

what type of pathogen causes athletes foot

A

fungi

37
Q

what are the symptoms of athletes foot

A

itchy feet, skin irritation, red and flakey skin

38
Q

how is athletes foot spread

A

direct contact, sharing socks or shoes

39
Q

How is athletes foot treated

A

anti fungal cream

40
Q

What is fungi

A

Single or multicellular diseases found in plants or animals and range from minor to fatal

41
Q

how does the skin defend against pathogens

A

the skin is slightly acidic helping it to act as a barrier stopping pathogens from entering
it mas microbial secretions

42
Q

how does the blood defend against pathogens

A

the blood contains platelets which help it to form clots or scabs

43
Q

how do the eyes defend against pathogens

A

we have eyelashes that stop dust and particles from entering your eyes
tears contain an enzyme called lysozyme it washes away unwanted pathogens

44
Q

how does the trachea defend against pathogens

A

contains mucus and cilia that help move pathogens up the trachea

45
Q

how does the stomach defend against pathogens

A

contains hydrochloric acid which gets rid of unwanted pathogens

46
Q

how does he nose defend against pathogens

A

has cilia and hairs which trap and get rid of mucus and unwanted pathogens

47
Q

what are 3 ways that pathogens are destroyed by white blood cells

A

engulfing microorganisms
producing antibodies
producing antitoxins

48
Q

what is an antigen

A

protein attached to the pathogens which are used to identify if it is a harmful microorganism

49
Q

what is an antibody

A

produced by white blood cells to attach to specific pathogens and help with the destruction of the pathogen

50
Q

what is immunity

A

the capability of organisms to reduce/resist harmful microorganisms

51
Q

what is a vaccine

A

a dead or inactive pathogen used in vaccination to develop immunity to a disease

52
Q

what are painkillers

A

substances that relieve the pain but do not cure/kill the pathogens

53
Q

what are antibiotics

A

substances that only cure bacterial diseases

54
Q

what is a drug

A

a medicine or other substance that has a physiological effect on the body

55
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

when bacteria become resistant to antibiotics - meaning that they are not destroyed by the antibiotics

56
Q

what are the 3 things that new drugs must be tested for

A

efficacy
toxitity
dosage

57
Q

what is efficacy

A

the drug must prevent or cure the disease.

58
Q

what is toxitity

A

the drug must not be too toxic or have unacceptable side effect

59
Q

what is dosage

A

you must be able to take the drug under normal conditions and the effects must last for some time

60
Q

what is a placebo

A

a fake drug that has no effect on the body

61
Q

why do doctors use placebo’s

A

to compare the effect of the new drug with people who think they are receiving a new drug

62
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

neither the doctor or the patients know which drug is the placebo

63
Q

what is the process for developing a new drug

A

step 1: identify the active ingredients - 9 years
step 2: computer stimulations/animal testing - 1-2 years
step 3: drug is tested on a small amount of healthy voulenteers - 1-2 years
step 4: drug is tested on a large amount of healthy and sick voulenteers - 2 years
step 5: FDA approval - 1 year

64
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody

A

a form of medical treatment that artificially stimulates the immune response to combat specific pathogens

65
Q
A

Biology flashcards (5 decks)

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