B3-Infection And Response Flashcards
What is a pathogen?
Microorganisms that cause diseases which spread between organisms
What is a communicable disease?
any disease that passes between people or animals.
What are examples of communicable diseases?
Rose black spot, malaria, salmonella,gonorrhoea, measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus
What pathogen is a rose black spot and how is it spread?
Fungus, water and wind
What pathogen is malaria and how is it spread?
Protist, mosquito vectors
What pathogen is salmonella and gonorrhoea and how is it spread?
Bacterium
Salmonella- eating contaminated food
Gonorrhoea-sexual contact
What pathogen is measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic and how is it spread?
Virus
HIV- sexual contact, exchanging bodily fluids ( e.g blood)
Measles- airborne droplets (coughs and sneezes)
Tobacco mosaic- direct contact between plants
What are symptoms and treatment of rose black spot?
Symptoms -purple/black spots on leaves, can turn yellow and drop off, reduced growth
Treatment- fungicides ,removing and destroying infected leaves
What are symptoms and treatment of malaria?
Symptoms -Fever, can be fatal
Treatment- mosquito nets, stop mosquitoes from breeding
What are symptoms and treatment of salmonella ?
Symptoms- fever,stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
Treatment- vaccination of poultry, hygienic food preparation
What are symptoms and treatment of gonorrhoea?
Symptoms- pain when urinating, yellow/green discharge from vagina or penis
Treatments- condoms, antibiotics
What are symptoms and treatment of measles?
Symptoms-fever, red skin rash, can be fatal
Treatments-vaccination of children
What are symptoms and treatment of HIV?
Symptoms- flu-like(initially), a damaged immune system (late stage infection/AIDS)
Treatments- condoms, avoid sharing needles, antiretrovirals
What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Mosaic pattern on leaves, which reduces photosynthesis and growth
What are the non specific defence systems against pathogen?
Skin, nose , trachea and bronchi, stomach
How is skin a defence system against
pathogens?
Acts as a barrier and secretes
antimicrobial substances to kill pathogens
How is the nose a defence system against pathogens?
Hairs and mucus trap particles containing pathogens
How is trachea and bronchi a defence system against pathogens?
Musics traps pathogens, and cilia waft mucus up to the throat so that it can be swallowed
How is the stomach a defence system against pathogens?
Hydrochloric acid kills pathogens
Ways that white blood cells attack pathogens?
Phagocytosis-pathogen engulfed and digested
Producing antitoxins- these counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria
Producing antibodies- antibodies attack all copies of the pathogen in the body
How is a vacation made?
weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an immune response within the body
What happens if a live pathogen of the same kind try to attack?
They are quickly recognised and by antibodies so your less likely to get ill
What does an antibiotic do?
Kill bacteria
Why is it hard to develop drugs that destroy viruses?
They live and reproduce inside cells
What is the use of painkillers?
They treat the symptoms of disease but don’t kill pathogens
What type of drug is penicillin and what is the source of the drug?
Antibiotic, penicillium mould
What type of drug is aspirin and what is the source of the drug?
Painkiller, willow
What type of drug is digitalis and what is the source of the drug?
Heart drug, fox gloves
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
How do you test a drug?
Toxicity-how harmful the drug is
Efficacy- whether the drug works and produces the effect you’re looking for
Dosage- the concentration that should be given, and how often it should be given
What is preclinical testing?
Research using animals to find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful.
What are clinical trials?
a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes.
What is placebos?
Substance that are like the drug being tested but don’t do anything
How are clinical trial often done?
Double blind
What is a monoclonal antibody?
laboratory-produced antibodies that are designed to target a specific antigen or protein in the body
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
From lots of clones of a single white blood cell ( a B-lymphocyte)
What do B-lymphocyte produce?
Antibodies
What happens when producing monoclonal antibodies?
are produced using a process called cell culture and hybridoma technology. In this process, immune cells are taken from an animal and combined with cancer cells to create a hybrid cell line that produces a specific type of antibody
1) What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?
Cancer treatment, trigger an immune system response that can destroy the outer wall (membrane) of a cancer cell. Blocking cell growth. Some monoclonal antibodies block the connection between a cancer cell and proteins that promote cell growth
2) What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?
Locating specific molecules in research, produce monoclonal antibodies which are linked to a specific molecule or fluorescent dye. e.g green fluorescent protein.
3) What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?
Measuring level of substance in blood or urine, E.g pathogens, hormones and other chemicals
What are signs of plant diseases?
Stunted growth, spots on leaves, discolouration, patches of decay (rot), malformed stems or leaves, abnormal growths, e.g lumps
What are causes of plant diseases?
-Can be infected by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi)
- infested by insects(e.g aphids)
-affected by nitrate deficiency and magnesium deficiency
What is magnesium deficiency?
Causes chlorides (yellow leaves), magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll
What is nitrate deficiency?
Stunts growth, nitrate ions are needed to make proteins for growth
Ways to identify plant diseases?
-Gardening manual, gardening website
-Take plant to a lab so scientists can identify the pathogen
-Use testing kits that identify the pathogen using monoclonal antibodies
What are physical plant defences?
-waxy cuticle on leaves-barrier to pathogens
-layers of dead cells around stems(e.g bark)-barrier to pathogens
- cellulose cell walls- barrier to pathogens around cells
What is a mechanical pant defence?
-thorns and hairs stop animals touching and eating plants
-leaves that droop or curl when touched can knock insects off
-plants mimic other organisms to trick animals to not eating them
What is a chemical plant defence?
-antibacterial chemicals kill bacteria and prevent disease
-some plants produce poisons to deter herbivores
