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Biology > B3-Infection And Response > Flashcards

B3-Infection And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that cause diseases which spread between organisms

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

any disease that passes between people or animals.

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3
Q

What are examples of communicable diseases?

A

Rose black spot, malaria, salmonella,gonorrhoea, measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus

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4
Q

What pathogen is a rose black spot and how is it spread?

A

Fungus, water and wind

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5
Q

What pathogen is malaria and how is it spread?

A

Protist, mosquito vectors

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6
Q

What pathogen is salmonella and gonorrhoea and how is it spread?

A

Bacterium
Salmonella- eating contaminated food
Gonorrhoea-sexual contact

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7
Q

What pathogen is measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic and how is it spread?

A

Virus
HIV- sexual contact, exchanging bodily fluids ( e.g blood)
Measles- airborne droplets (coughs and sneezes)
Tobacco mosaic- direct contact between plants

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8
Q

What are symptoms and treatment of rose black spot?

A

Symptoms -purple/black spots on leaves, can turn yellow and drop off, reduced growth
Treatment- fungicides ,removing and destroying infected leaves

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9
Q

What are symptoms and treatment of malaria?

A

Symptoms -Fever, can be fatal
Treatment- mosquito nets, stop mosquitoes from breeding

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10
Q

What are symptoms and treatment of salmonella ?

A

Symptoms- fever,stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
Treatment- vaccination of poultry, hygienic food preparation

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11
Q

What are symptoms and treatment of gonorrhoea?

A

Symptoms- pain when urinating, yellow/green discharge from vagina or penis
Treatments- condoms, antibiotics

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12
Q

What are symptoms and treatment of measles?

A

Symptoms-fever, red skin rash, can be fatal
Treatments-vaccination of children

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13
Q

What are symptoms and treatment of HIV?

A

Symptoms- flu-like(initially), a damaged immune system (late stage infection/AIDS)
Treatments- condoms, avoid sharing needles, antiretrovirals

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14
Q

What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Mosaic pattern on leaves, which reduces photosynthesis and growth

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15
Q

What are the non specific defence systems against pathogen?

A

Skin, nose , trachea and bronchi, stomach

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16
Q

How is skin a defence system against
pathogens?

A

Acts as a barrier and secretes
antimicrobial substances to kill pathogens

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17
Q

How is the nose a defence system against pathogens?

A

Hairs and mucus trap particles containing pathogens

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18
Q

How is trachea and bronchi a defence system against pathogens?

A

Musics traps pathogens, and cilia waft mucus up to the throat so that it can be swallowed

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19
Q

How is the stomach a defence system against pathogens?

A

Hydrochloric acid kills pathogens

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20
Q

Ways that white blood cells attack pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis-pathogen engulfed and digested
Producing antitoxins- these counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria
Producing antibodies- antibodies attack all copies of the pathogen in the body

21
Q

How is a vacation made?

A

weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an immune response within the body

22
Q

What happens if a live pathogen of the same kind try to attack?

A

They are quickly recognised and by antibodies so your less likely to get ill

23
Q

What does an antibiotic do?

A

Kill bacteria

24
Q

Why is it hard to develop drugs that destroy viruses?

A

They live and reproduce inside cells

25
Q

What is the use of painkillers?

A

They treat the symptoms of disease but don’t kill pathogens

26
Q

What type of drug is penicillin and what is the source of the drug?

A

Antibiotic, penicillium mould

27
Q

What type of drug is aspirin and what is the source of the drug?

A

Painkiller, willow

28
Q

What type of drug is digitalis and what is the source of the drug?

A

Heart drug, fox gloves

29
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

30
Q

How do you test a drug?

A

Toxicity-how harmful the drug is
Efficacy- whether the drug works and produces the effect you’re looking for
Dosage- the concentration that should be given, and how often it should be given

31
Q

What is preclinical testing?

A

Research using animals to find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful.

32
Q

What are clinical trials?

A

a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes.

33
Q

What is placebos?

A

Substance that are like the drug being tested but don’t do anything

34
Q

How are clinical trial often done?

A

Double blind

35
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

laboratory-produced antibodies that are designed to target a specific antigen or protein in the body

36
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

From lots of clones of a single white blood cell ( a B-lymphocyte)

37
Q

What do B-lymphocyte produce?

A

Antibodies

38
Q

What happens when producing monoclonal antibodies?

A

are produced using a process called cell culture and hybridoma technology. In this process, immune cells are taken from an animal and combined with cancer cells to create a hybrid cell line that produces a specific type of antibody

39
Q

1) What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Cancer treatment, trigger an immune system response that can destroy the outer wall (membrane) of a cancer cell. Blocking cell growth. Some monoclonal antibodies block the connection between a cancer cell and proteins that promote cell growth

40
Q

2) What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Locating specific molecules in research, produce monoclonal antibodies which are linked to a specific molecule or fluorescent dye. e.g green fluorescent protein.

41
Q

3) What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Measuring level of substance in blood or urine, E.g pathogens, hormones and other chemicals

42
Q

What are signs of plant diseases?

A

Stunted growth, spots on leaves, discolouration, patches of decay (rot), malformed stems or leaves, abnormal growths, e.g lumps

43
Q

What are causes of plant diseases?

A

-Can be infected by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi)
- infested by insects(e.g aphids)
-affected by nitrate deficiency and magnesium deficiency

44
Q

What is magnesium deficiency?

A

Causes chlorides (yellow leaves), magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll

45
Q

What is nitrate deficiency?

A

Stunts growth, nitrate ions are needed to make proteins for growth

46
Q

Ways to identify plant diseases?

A

-Gardening manual, gardening website
-Take plant to a lab so scientists can identify the pathogen
-Use testing kits that identify the pathogen using monoclonal antibodies

47
Q

What are physical plant defences?

A

-waxy cuticle on leaves-barrier to pathogens
-layers of dead cells around stems(e.g bark)-barrier to pathogens
- cellulose cell walls- barrier to pathogens around cells

48
Q

What is a mechanical pant defence?

A

-thorns and hairs stop animals touching and eating plants
-leaves that droop or curl when touched can knock insects off
-plants mimic other organisms to trick animals to not eating them

49
Q

What is a chemical plant defence?

A

-antibacterial chemicals kill bacteria and prevent disease
-some plants produce poisons to deter herbivores

Biology (4 decks)

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