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Biology > B1-Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1-Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in an animal cell?

A

Nucleus,Cytoplasm,Ribosome’s,
Mitochondria,Cell Membrane

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2
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Genetic material

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3
Q

What happens in the cytoplasm?

A

Where most chemical reactions happen

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4
Q

What happens in the Ribosomes?

A

Proteins are made

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5
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

Where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place

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6
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls what comes in and out of the cell

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7
Q

What is in a plant cell?

A

Chloroplast,cell wall , vacuole, mitochondria,nucleus,cell membrane, cytoplasm,

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8
Q

What happens in the chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis occurs

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9
Q

What does a vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap

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10
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose which strengthens the cell

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11
Q

What is in the bacteria cell?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid, DNA loop floating in cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Small ring of DNA

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13
Q

Were electron microscopes invented before of after light microscopes?

A

After

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14
Q

What microscopes has a higher resolution and magnification?

A

Electron

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15
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Image size/real size

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16
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules, which carry genes. They’re found in the nucleus, and they’re normally in pairs in body cells.

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17
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A series of stages in which cells divide to produce new cells.

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18
Q

Before a cell divides what 3 things does it do?

A
  1. Grows in size
  2. Increases the amount of sub cellular structures, e.g mitochondria and ribosomes
  3. Duplicates it’s DNA
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19
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides

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20
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This ensures that each daughter cell has the same genetic information as the parent cell.

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21
Q

What does mitosis allow multicellular organisms to do?

A

They allow them to grow or replace cells that have been damaged

22
Q

What is Binary fission?

A

The simple process by which bacterial cells replicate. It can happen as often as every 20 minutes if there are enough nutrients and the temperature is suitable

23
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions in an organism.

24
Q

What are the five types of specialised cells?

A

Sperm cell, Muscle cell, Nerve cell, root hair cell, Xylem and phloem

25
Q

What is the sperm cell and what does it do ?

A

It is a long tail and streamlined head for swimming to the egg. (Reproduction)

26
Q

What is the muscle cell and what does it do?

A

It is long so they have space to contract and lots of mitochondria for energy.(contraction)

27
Q

What is the nerve cell and what does it do?

A

It is long to cover a large distance, and branched to form a network of connections. (Rapid signalling)

28
Q

What is the root hair cell and what does it do?

A

It is a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil. (Absorbing water and minerals)

29
Q

What is Xylem and phloem and what does it do?

A

Xylem cells are hollow and phloem cells have few subcellular structures, so substances can easily flow through. (Transporting substances)

30
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells, which can divide to produce lots more stem cells, and can differentiate into many other types of cell.

31
Q

What can stem cells from an adult bone marrow become?

A

Many kinds of cell, e.g blood cells

32
Q

What can stem cells from a human embryo become?

A

Any kind of human cell.

33
Q

What can stem cells from a plant meristem become?

A

Any kind of plant cell

34
Q

What is the use of stem cells in medicine?

A

Stem cells could produce nerve cells to test paralysis, or insulin-producing cells to treat diabetes

35
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

a process that produces an embryo with genes that are identical to the patient’s. Stem cells taken from this embryo will have the same DNA as the patient.

36
Q

What is the risk of using stem cells in a lab?

A

The stem cells could get a virus which could get transferred to the patient

37
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles form an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

38
Q

What can diffuse through cell membranes?

A

Only very small molecules (e.g oxygen, glucose)

39
Q

Which three factors increase the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane?

A
  1. A high concentration gradient (e.g loads of the particles on one side and hardly any on the other)
  2. High temperature
  3. Large surface area
40
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane form a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

41
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of a substance against the concentration gradient. Unlike diffusion and osmosis, it requires energy from respiration.

42
Q

What does active transport allow mineral ions to do?

A

It allows mineral ions (for plant growth) to be absorbed from the soil into the root hair cells

43
Q

What does active transport allow glucose to do?

A

It allows glucose (for cell respiration) to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the gut

44
Q

What does a single-celled organism contain?

A

It has a large SA(surface area):vol ration. It has enough substance that can pass across outer surface to meet needs of organism

45
Q

What does a multicellular organism contain?

A

A small SA(surface area):vol ratio. many cells far away from outer surface to get substances in and out this way ➡️ exchange surfaces and transport systems are needed so needs of every cell can be met.

46
Q

What does exchange surfaces have?

A
  1. A large surface area (so lots can diffuse at once)
  2. A thin membrane ( for short diffusion distance)
  3. An efficient blood supply (in animals)
  4. Ventilation (in gas exchange in animals)
47
Q

What organs are adapted for exchange?

A

Leaves, gills, alveoli , small intestine

48
Q

What do the leaves do in gas exchange?

A

carbon dioxide enters and water vapour and oxygen leave the plant through the stomata.

49
Q

What are the function of Gills during gas exchange?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide move between water and blood

50
Q

What is lamellae?

A

a thin layer, membrane, or plate of tissue

51
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Absorbs food molecules from gut to blood

52
Q

What and where is the alveoli?

A

where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out.

Biology (4 decks)

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