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Biology B1-B4 (PAPER 1) > B3- Infection And Response > Flashcards

B3- Infection And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a PATHOGEN?

A

A micro-organism that causes disease.

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2
Q

Name 4 examples of a PATHOGEN

A

Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protists.

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3
Q

How do VIRUSES reproduce?

A

VIRUSES reproduce by inserting genes into cells which causes them to produce more copies.

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4
Q

Name 2 examples of a VIRUS

A
  1. Measles - (SYMPTOM OF A RED RASH) Spread by droplets from sneezing/coughing.
  2. HIV (STD/STI) Causes aids and compromises the immune system.
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5
Q

How do BACTERIA damage cells?

A

BACTERIA release toxins into your body that damage cells.

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6
Q

Name 2 examples of BACTERIA

A
  1. Salmonella - (undercooked food - food poisoning)
  2. Gonorrhoea - (STD) Causes yellow discharge from genitalia.
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7
Q

What do FUNGI do?

A

FUNGI damage cells (e.g, athlete’s foot)

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8
Q

What are PROTISTS?

A

PROTISTS are single-celled organisms.

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9
Q

Name an example of a PROTIST

A

Malaria is caused by a protist that infects red blood cells.
MOSQUITOS are the vector - ‘Vector’ meaning spread.

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10
Q

What is ROSE BLACK SPOT?

A

ROSE BLACK SPOT is a FUNGAL plant disease that causes leaves to fall off.

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11
Q

What is TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS?

A

TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS is a VIRAL plant disease that discolours leaves - LESS chlorophyll = LESS photosynthesis = STUNTED GROWTH.

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12
Q

What are the DEFENCES/BARRIERS in the human body?

A

1st barrier; skin
2nd barrier; mucus in nose/trachea
3rd barrier; enzymes/acid in digestive system

ALL KILL/DESTROY PATHOGENS

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13
Q

What are the DEFENCES/BARRIERS in plants?

A

Cell wall, waxy cuticle; antibacterial chemicals; poison/thorns to deter other organisms.

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14
Q

What do LYMPHOCYTES do?

A

Lymphocytes are a type of WHITE BLOOD CELL that produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins made/released by pathogens, and they produce antibodies that bind to the antigen of a pathogen.

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15
Q

What do ANTIBODIES and ANTIGENS do?

A

Antigens stop viruses from infecting cells, causing the pathogens to clump together.
ANTIGENS have a SPECIFIC shape, only certain antibodies can fit each one.

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16
Q

What do PHAGOCYTES do?

A

PHAGOCYTES are a type of white blood cell that ingest pathogens when they antibody has bonded to the antigen.

17
Q

What is PHAGOCYTOSIS?

A

1) Phagocytes recognise the foreign pathogen
2) Macrophage extends its cell membrane to engulf the pathogen
3) Engulfs the pathogen into the macrophage.

18
Q

How is IMMUNITY built?

A

If an UNKNOWN pathogen enters the body, lymphocytes will keep making antibodies until one fits the antigen of the pathogen; once the correct antibody is found, T-Cells store it in your lymph nodes for next time’s exposure to the pathogen - this is known as IMMUNITY.

19
Q

What is a VACCINE?

A

A vaccine introduces an inert version of a virus into your body, so you can gain immunity without becoming ill.

20
Q

What do ANTIBIOTICS kill?

A

ANTIBIOTICS kill BACTERIA not viruses.
However, it is difficult to make them target specific bacteria and not damage body (‘good’) cells.

21
Q

What has to happen to ensure all BACTERIA are killed by antibiotics?

A

Whole course of antibiotics must be taken to kill all BACTERIA or else more resistant bacteria will survive and multiply.

22
Q

What is ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA?

A

When antibiotics are taken, the bacteria that isn’t killed may mutate and become resistant to antibiotics - comes about via NATURAL SELCETION (becomes harder to treat as it’s better adapted).

23
Q

Where did ASPIRIN and PENICILLIN come from?

A

ASPIRIN derived from trees.
PENICILLIN derived from mould.

24
Q

Describe the process of DRUG DEVELOPMENT

A

Every new medical treatment is extensively tested and put through many trials to ensure it works and is safe.
1) Tested on cells/tissues in a laboratory
2) Tested on live animals to assess effectiveness/toxicity and dosage.
3) Tested on healthy human volunteers in a clinical trial before being used to treat those who are ill.

25
Q

What is a BLIND TRIAL?

A

A BLIND TRIAL is where the volunteers receive a placebo drug without being told.

26
Q

What is a DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL?

A

A DOUBLE BLIND TRIAL is where both the volunteers and the doctors aren’t aware of who has the placebo drug or the study drug.
This is used to minimise bias - also known as a DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL.

Biology B1-B4 (PAPER 1) (4 decks)

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