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Biology B1-B4 (PAPER 1) > B2- Organisation > Flashcards

B2- Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the principle of organisation?

A

cell -> tissue -> organs -> organ systems

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2
Q

What do the TEETH do in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

A

The TEETH mechanically break down food ; saliva contains amylase.

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3
Q

What does the STOMACH do in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

A

The STOMACH contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that chemically break down food.

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4
Q

What does the PANCREAS do in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

A

Pancreas secretes amylase, which breaks down starch into glucose in the small intestine.

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5
Q

What does the LIVER do in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

A

Liver produces BILE, which is stored in the gall bladder, before going into the small intestine.

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6
Q

What does BILE do?

A

Bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets which increase their surface area.

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7
Q

Where is WATER absorbed?

A

In the bloodstream, in the large intestine.

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8
Q

Where are NUTRIENTS absorbed?

A

In the bloodstream by the villi in the small intestine.

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9
Q

What are ENZYMES?

A

Special proteins that act as biological catalysts - they are specific so they only break down substrates that fit their active site.

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10
Q

What does AMYLASE break down?

A

Breaks down starch into glucose

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11
Q

What do PROTEASES break down?

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids.

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12
Q

What do LIPASES break down?

A

Breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.

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13
Q

What is the theory of a substrate binding to an active site?

A

LOCK AND KEY THEORY/PRINCIPLE

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14
Q

How can enzymatic activity be increased?

A

Enzymatic activity increases with temperature until the active site changes site and the enzyme denatures.

This can also happen with the pH being too low or too high.

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15
Q

Describe the ENZYME practical

A
  1. Set up a Bunsen burner, heatproof mat and gauze.
  2. Place a beaker of water on the gauze; keep the water at around 35 degrees. (around body temp, any higher and enzymes may denature)
  3. Prepare a spotting tile with 2 drops of iodine in each spot.
  4. Add 2cm^3 of amylase enzyme solution to a test tube followed by 2cm^3 of starch solution.
  5. Add 1cm^3 of pH solution to test tube to keep the pH constant.
  6. Mix test tube and put into the beaker above the Bunsen.
  7. Use a pipette, removing a few drops of the solution every 20-30 seconds from the test tube and put into the spots of the spotting tile.
  8. Repeat until iodine solution is no longer black and record time taken.
  9. Repeat with different pH solutions.
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16
Q

FOOD TESTS - STARCH

A

Starch turns iodine from orange to black.

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17
Q

FOOD TESTS - SUGARS

A

Sugars turn Benedict’s solution from blue to orange.

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18
Q

FOOD TESTS - PROTEIN

A

Proteins turn Biuret’s Reagent from blue to purple.

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19
Q

FOOD TESTS - LIPIDS

A

Lipids turn cold ethanol cloudy.

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20
Q

What is a DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?

A

Blood enters the heart twice every time it’s pumped around the body.

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21
Q

Describe the process of blood reaching the body.

A

Deoxygenated blood enters into the right side of the heart through the VENA CAVA into the RIGHT ATRIUM.

Between the right atrium and the RIGHT VENTRICLE, there is a valve.

The heart muscles then contract, and deoxygenated blood goes through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to become oxygenated.

Oxygenated blood then goes through the PULMONARY VEIN from the lungs into the LEFT ATRIUM, into the LEFT VENTRICLE.

The blood then goes out to the body via the AORTA.

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22
Q

What do VALVES do in the heart?

A

Valves prevent backflow of blood entering back into the body.

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23
Q

What side of the heart has THICKER WALLS and why?

A

The left side.

This is due to the higher pressure needed to pump blood to the body.

24
Q

Why can a PACEMAKER be used?

A

A pacemaker can be utilised if the group of cells near the RIGHT ATRIUM creating an electrical impulse are faulty/not working.

This electrical impulse causes the heart to contract.

25
Q

What do ARTERIES carry?

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood APART from the PULMONARY ARTERY which carries deoxygenated blood.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

26
Q

What do VEINS carry?

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood APART from the PULMONARY VEIN which carries oxygenated blood.

Veins carry blood back to the heart.

27
Q

Name 2 properties of ARTERIES

A

-Thick walls
-Thin lumen
This is to withstand the high pressure of blood.

28
Q

Name 3 properties of VEINS

A

-Thin walls (lower blood pressure)
-Wide lumen
-Valves (to prevent backflow)
If the valves become faulty, they can be replaced with artificial valves.

29
Q

How are CAPILLARIES formed?

A

When arteries split, they decrease in size and form capillaries.

30
Q

Name a property of CAPILLARIES

A

One cell thick walls to allow fast diffusion between blood and cells.

31
Q

What is CHD? ( Coronary Heart Disease )

A

This is when the artery supplying blood to the heart is blocked.

32
Q

What is CVD? ( Cardio-vascular Disease )

A

This is when there is a FAT build-up in the arteries that restricts blood flow.

33
Q

What are STENTS used for?

A

Stents can be inserted to open up vessels that are blocked.

34
Q

What are STATINS?

A

Statins are drugs that reduce fatty deposits (CVD)

35
Q

What is a COMMUNICABLE DISEASE caused by?

A

Caused by a pathogen

36
Q

What is a NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE caused by?

A

Cause comes from inside of the body.

37
Q

Name 4 types of NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

A

Diabetes; obesity, poor diet can increase risk.
Heart Disease/CHD/CVD: diet, smoking and lack of exercise can increase risk.
Liver Disease; alcohol can increase risk.
Lung Disease/Cancer; smoking can increase risk

38
Q

What is CANCER?

A

Caner is an auto-immune response resulting from a genetic mutation causing cells to multiply uncontrollably to form a tumour.

39
Q

What is a BENIGN TUMOUR?

A

DOES NOT spread.

40
Q

What is a MALIGNANT TUMOUR?

A

Spreads through the body.

41
Q

What does a LEAF do in the plant structure?

A

Leaf is for photosynthesis and gas exchange; water evaporates out.

42
Q

What does the XYLEM do in the plant structure?

A

Xylem are tubes that carry water and dissolved mineral ions upwards to the leaf. This is called transpiration, which is unidirectional

43
Q

How can transpiration rate be increased?

A

Transpiration rate can be increased with increased air movement/temperature OR decreased humidity.

44
Q

What does the PHLOEM do in the plant structure?

A

Phloem are tubes of cells that carry sugars and other nutrients to the leaf. This is called translocation, which is bidirectional.

45
Q

What do the ROOTS do in the plant structure?

A

Water enters into the roots through osmosis, mineral ions enter through active transport.

46
Q

What does the FLOWER do in the plant structure?

A

Reproductive organs.

47
Q

What does the MERISTEM do in the plant structure?

A

Stem cell production.

48
Q

What does the WAXY CUTICLE do?

A

Waterproof, stops water loss from top of leaf.

49
Q

What does the UPPER EPIDERMIS do?

A

Transparent to let light through for photosynthesis.

50
Q

What does the PALISADE MESOPHYLL do?

A

Most photosynthesis takes place here as it contains a lot of chloroplasts.

51
Q

What does the SPONGY MESOPHYLL do?

A

Contains gaps to facilitate gas exchange (large surface area- - CO2 diffuses into cells, O2 and H2O diffuse out)

52
Q

What does the VEIN/VASCULAR BUNDLE do?

A

Contains the XYLEM and the PHLOEM.

53
Q

What does the LOWER EPIDERMIS do?

A

Bottom of the leaf, contains the stomata.

54
Q

What is the STOMATA?

A

Stomata are holes in the lower epidermis that allow gases in/out, including H20.

55
Q

What are GUARD CELLS?

A

Change the size of the stoma to control rate of gases entering/exiting through stomata.

Biology B1-B4 (PAPER 1) (4 decks)

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