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Biology > B3 Infection and Response > Flashcards

B3 Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing Microorganism - Protorist, virus, bacteria and fungi.

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2
Q

Define Communicable diseases.

A

A disease that can be passed on/transmitted from one person to another.

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3
Q

What are Bacteria?

A

Small Prokaryotic cells 100th size of a body cell.
They Produce toxins.
Ex - Salmonella and Gonorrhea

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4
Q

How do Bacteria reproduce?

A

Usualy dived one in 20 mins.

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5
Q

What is salmonella?

A

An infection or food poisoning caused by eating contaminated foor perpared in unhygenic conditions or animal had it when it was alive.

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6
Q

What are the symtoms of Salmonella food Poisoning?

A

Symptoms like feaver, stomache cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting.
These are caused by toxins released by the bacteria.

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7
Q

What is Gonorrhea?

+ symptoms

A

Bacteria, sexually transmited disease from unprotected sex. Contraception methods can reduce the spread. Symptoms - Pain when usinating, yellow/green Discharge.

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8
Q

How is Gonorrhoea treated?

A

Antibiotic Penecilin normally but some strains have become resistant recently and are harder to treat.

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9
Q

What are Viruses ?

A

Not cells or Living Organisms they are 1/100th of a bacterium. Replicate rapidly inside of cells, is harder to treat with out damaging body cells.

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10
Q

How does a virus replicate?

A

Infect/ take over a cell and make copies of themselves using the cells machinery. It will make cpopies untill the cell bursts which is what makes you fell ill.

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11
Q

What is the Measles?

A

Virus cauing rash and feaver. Can cause complications like pnumonia and brain infection.
Most people are vaccinated against it as a child.

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12
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

Infecs tobacco and tomato plants causing mosaic discolouration and wrinkling. Virus effects growth because of less photosynthesis.

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13
Q

What is HIV?

A

A virus spread by unprotected sex or by exchanging bodily fluids such a blood by sharing needles. Starts with flu like symptoms for a long time.

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14
Q

Can HIV be treated and cured?

A

If detected it can be treated with antiretroviral drugs which can reduce infecting others, have a normal life expectancy and stop virus replicating.
Cant be curedif not treated it attacks immune cells damaging the immune system.

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15
Q

What is Rose Black Spot?

A

Black purple spots form on leaves that turn yellow and drop off. Interferes in Photosynthesis. Spread by water or wind. Remove and destroy leaves to stop the spread.

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16
Q

What are Fungi?

A

are eukaryiotic organisms that are usualy single celled. They grow thread like structures and replicate by spores.

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17
Q

What are Protorists?

A

Eukaryotes, single celled. Some are parasites carried to new hosts by a vector organism that odesnt ontract the disease itself.

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18
Q

Give and explain an example of a Protorist-spread Disease.

A

MALARIA carried by vector mozzies. Mozzie bites an infected person and picks up malaria protorits, becoming a vector.Mozzie bites the next person transfering it.
Protect - mozzie nets and insecticides.

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19
Q

What are some methods of transimisson for Communicable diseases?

A

Contaminated surface
Airborne
Food
Contaminated water
Sexual transmission

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20
Q

How can you prevent communicable diseases?

A

HYGENE wash hand, clean surfaces.
VACCINATION
ISOLATION
Destroy VECTORS, kill organisms that spread

21
Q

Explain Immunity.

A

The ability of the bosy to fight infection by producing antibodies and or kill infected cells.

22
Q

What do vaccinations contain?

A

Putting a small amount of inactive form of pathogen/ dead pathogen into the body.

23
Q

Explain the process of vaccination.

A

1 Inactive pathogen injected
2 w.b. cells recognise and produce abtibodies specificly
3 If infected in the future with the same pathogen same antibodies can be produced rapidly destroy pathogens.

24
Q

Why would someone choose not to vaccinate their child?

A

reigious/ cultural reasons
cant afford it
non scientific claims

25
Q

What can vaccines do generally?

– population + immunity

A

People can be immunised against a pathogen vaccinating most of the population against the disease means that it can reduce the impact and spread.

26
Q

What is the immune system?

A

The system in the body responsible for maintaining optimal function of the organism by recognising harmful/nonharmfull organisims and producing a response.

27
Q

What are the bodies 3 main lines of defence?

A

1st - Non specific Physical and chemical
2nd - Non specific defence with in the body, immune response
3rd - Pathogen specific defence

28
Q

Name some of the bodies first line of defence.

A

Skin, Scabs, Stomach acid, Cillia in the trachea, nose hairs, tears and eyelashes.

29
Q

What is the bodies second line of Defence against Pathogens?

A
  • Phagocytosis, phagocyte cell finds and engulds pathoge.
  • Inflamation by WB cells releasing histamines
  • Fever caused by histamines, high temp denatures pathogens proteins
30
Q

What are the stages of Phagocytosis?

A

1) Phagocyte detects pathogen
2) Phagocyte moves to pathogen
3) Phagocyte engulf pathogen in a vacuole
4) Lysosomes(with digestive enzymes, in phago. cytoplasm) fuse to pathogen
5) Pathogen is digested by the enzymes and products are absorbed.

31
Q

Explain the bodies 3rd line of defence aginst pathogens.

A

Specific response to Pathogen antigens. Lymphocytes produce andtibodies that target the specific pathogen. Antibodies combine with the specific antigen and pathogens stick together and are digested.

32
Q

Explain how Skin is part of the bodies defence against pathogens.

A

Chemical Barrier- sweat
Physical barrier - skin layers block microorganisms - top layer sheds all the time getting rid of bacteria living on top

33
Q

Explain how Tears and eyelashes protect you from pathogens.

A

Tears - high salt concent dries up microorganisms + clears eye up.
Eyelashes - traps dirt and microorganisms from enering and infecting the eye.

34
Q

How is Stomach acid part of the bodies first defence against pathogens?

A

Has Hydrochloric acid with a pH2, very corrosive. Microorganisms that enter through the body by nose/mouth end up in the stomach acid and are destroyed.

35
Q

How is Scabs part of the bodies defence against pathogens?

A

Formed by blood cloting, platelets convert proteins to fibrin to create a mesh. A clot stops blood from escaping and bacteria entering.

36
Q

Explain how Nose hairs protect you from pathogens?

A

You breath in oxygen and solid particles. Hair in nostrils traps the larger particles in sticky mucas which is either swallowed to the stomach or blown out.

37
Q

How do Cilia in the trachea protect you from pathogens?

A

Cillia in the tratchea, small hairs near mucas cells line the wind pipe, they help sweep mucas containing trapped microorganisms into the stomach.

38
Q

What are antigens?

A

Surface markers on all cells. The body can recognise these antigent as self or foeriegn. Lymphocytes detect foreign antigens in your immune response.

39
Q

Explain ↓ in terms of antibody production

Primary vs Secondary immune response.

A

Primary / first exposure to pathogen antigens there is little response to the foreign cell.In the next days or weeks antibody production increased steadily.
In second exposure to the same antigens antibody production is very rapid or dramatic.

40
Q

What is natural immunity?

examples

A

Antibodies are passed from mother to child through breast milk OR Antibodies are made when microbes infect the body.

41
Q

What is artificial immunity?

active/passive

A

ACTIVE vaccines, with dead pathogen is injected causeing antibodies to be created. PASSIVE antibodies are artifficialy injected into a person to fight the infection.

42
Q

Explain what immunological memory does.

A

After an infection is fought of some Lymphocytes become memory cells. If the same pathogen returns the memory cells can stimulate rapid antibody production to fught of pathogen before symptoms appear.

43
Q

What can be done antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A

Bacteria strains that have resistance to antibiotics becuase of natural selection. To work around/stop this: - dont overuse antibiotics - need a range of types antibiotics to fight bacterium.

44
Q

Define drugs.

A

A chemical substance that changes the way the body works or has an effect on the body.

45
Q

What happened with Thalidomide?

A

First developed as a sleepiing pill it was given to pregnant women to stop morning sickness. But it had major side effects causing baby deformations. It had not been properly tested on animals or humans in clinincal trials. Drug Thalidomide was banned and now new drugs are riggorously tested.

46
Q

When testing new drugs what happens in the preclinical trial?

A

Testibng on huuman cells in a laboritary. Testing on live animals for -if it actually works/effects it
- best dosage
- isnt dangerous to humans
-Live animal have a whole organsystem to see any initial complications or effects.

47
Q

In drug testing what happens in clinical trials?

A

If passes animal and preclinical tests.
1st healthy human volinteers (paid) are given diff. doses to see any side effects
2nd if ↑ works its tested on volinteers with the illnes to try and treat it. Using blind trials and a placebo drug to gather results for if the drug actually works.
3rd If all tests prove it works it can be legalised and used.

48
Q

Why are placebos and double blind testing used in drug trials?

+ what do they mean

A

Blind trials : neither doctor or patient knows if they have taken the placebo drug, to make sure it is a fair test. Two groups are compared 1/2 took the drug 1/2 took the placebo. to see if the drug has been effectve and to make sure results are true.

49
Q

Why may vaccines need boosters?

A

In childhood vaccines give protection against serious diseases like MMR.
Booster may be needed later on bc you can lose your immune system memory over time.

Biology (3 decks)

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