B3 infection and response Flashcards
what are the four types of pathogens
virus
bacteria
fungi
protist
pathogen defenition
microorganisms that enter the body and cuse disease
how do bacteria make you feel ill
reproduce rapidly inside your body
produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues
how do viruses work
can reproduce rapidly inside your body
replicate themselves whilst inside your cells to produce many copies of themselves
the cell will burst, releasing all of the new viruses
the cell damage makes you feel ill
What are protists
eukaryotic, most are single-celled, some are parasites.
fungi
some are cingle-celled, some have body made up of hyphae (thread like structures) which can grow and penetrate human skin / surface of plants and cause diseases
how do pathogens spread
water eg Cholera
Air eg influenza virus
Direct contact - eg athlete’s foot
vectors - an organism which carries the pathogen ie mosquitoes
what type of infection is measles
viral
what type of infection is HIV
viral
what type of infection is Malaria
Protist
what type of infection is Gonorrhoea
Bacterial
what type of infection is Salmonella
Bacterial
what type of infection is Rose Black Spot
Fungal
what type of infection is TMV (and what does it stand for)
viral
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
symptoms of measles
red skin rash
fever
symptoms of HIV
initially causes flu-like symptoms
then usually no symptoms for several years
symptoms of TMV
causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants - parts of the leaves become discoloured
symptoms of rose black spot
causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants. The leaves then turn yellow and drop off
symptoms of Malaria
repeating episodes of fever. can be fatal.
symptoms of salmonella
fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
symptoms of gonorrhea
pain when urinating, yellow or green discharge
methods of reducing or preventing spread of disease
being hygenic
destroying vectors
isolating infected indivuals
vaccination
how does the skin defend from pathogens
acts as a barrier
secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens
how does the nose defend from pathogens
hairs and mucus in the nose trap particles that could contain pathogens
how does the breathing pipework defend from pathogens
trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens
lined with cilia that waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed
how does the stomach defend from pathogens
produces Hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens.
types of white blood cell
phagocytes
lymphocytes
three main ways the immune system defends from pathogens
Phagocytosis (consuming them)
producing antibodies
producing antitoxins
Phagocytosis (consuming pathogens)
white blood cells known as phagocytes engulf foreign cells and digest them
producing antibodies
.every invading pathogen has unique antigens (molecules) on their surface
.when lymphocytes come across antigens they don’t recognise, they produce antibodies that lock on to the invading cells so they can be found and destroyed.
. If the person is infected with the same pathogen again then the white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it
What do antitoxins do
counteract toxins produced by the invading bacteria
how do vaccines work
inject dead or inactive forms of a pthogen into the body, causing your immune system to produce antibodies to attack them. If live pathogens of the same type appear after that, the white blood cells can rapidly mass-produce antibodies to kill off the pathogen
what plant did aspirin originate from
willow
what did digitalis originate from
foxgloves
main stages of drug testing
. preclinical trials
. animal trials
. human trials
. peer review
what are the main things drugs are tested for
. toxicity
. efficacy
. optimum dosage
what is toxicity in drugs
potential side/ toxic effects of the drug
what is efficacy
how well the drug cures the disease or imporves symptoms
what is optimum dosage
the optimal volume of the drug to take
