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Biology > B2 organisation > Flashcards

B2 organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

where is bile produced and what are its functions

A

made in the liver, alkaline so neutralises HCl in stomach, emulsifies fats to form small droplets which increases the surface area

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2
Q

what do proteases break down and what are the products

A

protiens –> amino acids

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3
Q

where is amylase produced

A

salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine (wall of ileum)

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4
Q

where is protease produced

A

stomach, pancreas, small intestine (wall of ileum)

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5
Q

where is lipase produced

A

pancreas

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6
Q

what do amalyse enzymes break down and what molecules are produced

A

starch –> glucose

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7
Q

what do lipase enzymes break down and what molecules are produced

A

lipids –> fatty acids and glycerol

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8
Q

positive test for sugars

A

Benedicts solution turns Brick red

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9
Q

positive test for starch

A

Iodine solution turns food blue-black colour

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10
Q

positive test for protein

A

Buieret regeant turns purple

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11
Q

what type of system does the heart have

A

double circulatory system

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12
Q

where does the right ventricle pump blood to

A

the lungs

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13
Q

where does the left ventricle pump blood to

A

rest of body (not lungs)

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14
Q

what do pacemaker cells do

A

control the natural resting heaart rate

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15
Q

where are pacemaker cells located

A

right atrium

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16
Q

what are three types of blood vessel

A

artery, vein, capillary

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17
Q

why may a heart valve become faulty

A

may not:
open as wide as it should
close properly

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18
Q

where do arteries carry blood

A

away from the heart

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19
Q

what type of blood do arteries carry

A

oxygenated - except pulmonary artery

20
Q

what is the pressure in an artery

A

high pressure

21
Q

what are the walls of an artery like

A

thick muscular and elastic walls to pump and accomodate blood

22
Q

what size is the artery’s lumen

A

narrow

23
Q

where do veins carry blood

A

to the heart

24
Q

what type of blood do veins carry

A

deoxygenated - except for pulmonary vein

25
Q

what is the pressure of a vein

A

low or negative pressure

26
Q

vein walls

A

thin - less muscular tissue than arteries

27
Q

vein lumen

A

wide lumen

28
Q

capillary walls

A

very thin - one cell thick

29
Q

what is the function of capillaries

A

allow trhe exchange of molecules between the blood and the bodt’s cells via diffusion

30
Q

capillary lumen

A

largest lumen

31
Q

what is blood plasma

A

a liquid in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended

32
Q

functions of red blood cells

A

transporting oxygen

33
Q

functions of white blood cells

A

ingesting pathogens and producing antibodies

34
Q

functions of platelets

A

involved in blood clotting

35
Q

how do platelets stop bleeding

A

. proteins on their surface enable them to stick to breaks in a blood vessel and clump together
. secrete proteins that result in a series of chemical reactions that make blood clot, which plugs a wound

36
Q

what causes coronary heart disease

A

the coronary arteries become blocked by a build up of fatty material

37
Q

what are the two major treatments of cardiovascular disease

A

statins and stents

38
Q

how do statins work

A

reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit

39
Q

how do stents work

A

keep the coronary arteries open

40
Q

what is health

A

the state of physical and mental wellbeing

41
Q

what is cancer

A

the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled mitosis

42
Q

how is the palisade mesophyll adapted to absorb light efficiently

A

. packed with many chloroplasts
. column shaped and arranged closely together
. towards the upper surface of the leaf

43
Q

how is spongy mesophyll adapted for efficient gas exchange

A

. loosely packed
. covered by a thin layer of water
. gases dissolve in this water as they move in and out of the cells

44
Q

what does the xylem transport

A

water and minerals from the roots up the plant stem and into the leaves

45
Q

what does the phloem transport

A

moves food substances that the plant has produced by photosynthesis to where they are needed (both up and down the stem)

46
Q

structure of the xylem

A

. continuous hollow tube
. strengthened by lignin
. dead cells

47
Q

structure of the phloem

A

tubes of elongated cells. Cell sap can move
from one phloem cell to the next through pores in the end walls.

Biology (7 decks)

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