B3 — Infection And Response Flashcards
What are the 4 pathogens
Bacteria, viruses, protists, Fungi
What are pathogens
Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
What is bacteria
Bacteria are very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body
What is a virus
A virus lives inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinery to produce many copies of themselves and eventually the cell burst which makes you ill
What are protists
Protists are single celled eukaryotes that is transferred by a vector
An example of a vector
Insects
What is fungi
Fungi are single celled with a body made of hyphae
What is hyphae
Hyphae are thread-like structures that can penetrate human skin causing disease
What are the three ways pathogens can spread
Water, air and direct touch
What are the 3 important viral diseases to know about
Measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus
How are measles spread
By droplets of an infected persons sneeze or cough
How is HIV spread
Sexual contact
Name one fungal disease
Rose black spot
Name a disease caused by a protist
Malaria
Name 2 bacterial diseases
Salmonella and gonorrhoea
What are the 4 things we can do to reduce these viruses
Being hygienic, destroying vectors, isolating infected individuals, vaccination
What are 5 of the defence mechanisms your body has
The skin, the hair and mucus in your nose, the trachea and bronchi, the cilia, the hydrochloric acid in your stomach
How can the skin help protect us from diseases
It acts as a barrier and it secretes anti microbial substances
How do the hairs and the mucus in the nose help to protect us from disease
They trap particles that could be pathogens
How do the trachea and bronchi help protect us from diseases
They secrete mucus to trap pathogens
How do the stomach help protect us from diseases
The hydrochloric acid kills the pathogens
What happens if the pathogen gets in the body
The immune system kicks in and starts fighting it off
What is the mos important part of the immune system
The white blood cells
What are the three lines of attack for the white blood cells
Consuming the pathogens, producing antibodies and producing antitoxins
What happens during the consumption stage
White blood cells engulf the foreign cells and digest them. This is called phagocytosis
How do the white blood cells produce antibodies
The white blood cell finds the foreign antigen and start to release proteins ( antibodies ) to lock onto invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells.
What do antitoxins do
Antitoxins counteract the toxins produced by invading bacteria
What is a vaccination
A vaccination is and injection of small amounts of a dead or inactive pathogen which allows the body to produce antibodies quicker so that the body can kill of the disease quicker.
What are the pros of a vaccination
Vaccines helped control lots of communicable diseases that are now less common and they can help during epidemics so that the big outbreak of a disease can be handle quickly
What are the cons of vaccinations
There is a chance that the vaccine doesn’t work and you could have a bad reaction to something in the vaccine or the vaccine itself even though bad reactions are rare
Which two drugs are good for relieving symptoms of anything
Painkillers and antibiotics
What can bacteria do to become resistant to antibiotics
Mutate
How can bacteria mutate
Bacteria mutates by a change in their genetic material allowing some bacteria to be antibiotic resistant
Where did drugs originally come from
Drugs originally came from plants
How many stages are there in drugs testing
There are 4. The first is on human cells and tissues, then it moves onto live animals, then it moves onto healthy humans, then finally its tested on humans with the disease.
