B3 Biology Extra Flashcards
What is an antigen
A protein on the cell surface that can be recognised by the white blood cells
4 ways monoclonal antibodies can be used
pregnancy tests, identify cells, delivering drugs, marketing cancer cells
what is a clone
an identical genetic copy
4 disadvantages of MAB
expensive, side effects, needs specialist/training/equipment
2 advantages of MAB
specific so accurately identify, deliver drugs so less side effects
what type of pathogen effect plants
fungi and viruses
why are monoclonal antibodies not as widely used as scientists wanted
cost, time to make, more unexpected side effects
physical plant defences
cell wall, bark, waxy cuticle
chemical plant defences
antibacterial chemicals, poisons
mechanical plant defences
thorns, drooping, mimicry
RPA- effectiveness of antiseptics
spread bacteria on agar plate, add paper soaked in different antiseptics, incubate, measure diameter of clear zone
what is a hybridoma
a hybrid of a myeloma and lymphocyte
3 ways pathogens can be spread
direct contact, droplet infection, contaminated food/water
how do viruses cause disease
replicate in cells and burst out damaging them
what is an antibiotic
a drug that kills bacteria
how are modern drugs produced
synthetically
what is AIDS
disease caused by HIV that effects immune system
advantage of antibiotic’s
they kill bacteria and have saved many lives treating bacterial infections
what is a painkiller
a drug that blocks pain
stages of pre clinical tests
animals, cells, tissues - testing for toxicity
why is it different to produce drugs that treat viruses
they are inside cells
