B2 Biology Top 40 Flashcards
What is a tissue?
A group of the same cells that work together to carry out a function
What is the function of the glandular tissue?
Granular tissues make and secrete chemicals to produce hormones and enzymes
To which part of the enzyme does the substrate bind?
Active site
How does temperature affect an enzyme reaction?
The enzyme works best at 40°C but any temperature higher the enzyme denatures and can’t be used anymore
What happens to enzymes at high temperatures or changes in pH?
They denature
Which enzyme breaks down starch and what is produced?
Amylase, glucose
What enzyme breaks down protein and what is produced?
Protease, amino acids
What enzyme breaks down lipids and what is produced?
Lipase, fatty acids and glycerol
What are two organs in the body which produce amylase, proteins and lipase?
Small intestine and pancreas
Name another organ which produces amylase
Salivary glands
Name another organ which produces protease
The stomach
What does the stomach produce to maintain acidic conditions?
Hydrochloric acid
What are two roles of bile?
Neutralises hydrochloric acid and emulsifies fat to create larger Surface area
Give the reagent and colour changes for the starch test
Iodine solution, brown to black
Give the reagent and colour changes for the sugar test
Benedict solution, blue to red (heat above 75°C)
Give the reagent and colour changes for the protein test
Biurett, blue to purple
Give the reagent and colour changes for the fat test
Ethanol, clear to cloudy
Give three adaptations of the alveoli
Small for short diffusion pathway, lots of them for large surface area, good blood supply for concentration gradient
Why is the left ventricle wall thicker?
It needs to pump blood around the whole body
Where are the cells that act as a pacemaker for the human heart located?
Right atrium
What are the upper chambers of the heart called?
Atria
Give two features of arteries
Carry blood to body from the heart, elastic tissue to stretch
Give two features of veins
Valves to prevent backflow, take blood to the heart
Give two features of capillaries
Narrow, one cell Thick
Name the four components of blood and their role
Red blood cell- carry oxygen, white blood cell- fight infection, platelets- clot blood, plasma- carries CO2, H2O etc
What do statins do and give an advantage and disadvantage?
Increase cholesterol level to maintain a healthy amount of cholesterol. Advantage- Avoid surgery, disadvantage- side-effects
What do stents do and give an advantage and disadvantage?
Open up arteries to let blood flow through. advantage- lower heart attack risk, disadvantage- drugs must always be taken
Define health
State of physical and mental well-being
What is the difference between a communicable and non-communicable disease and give an example of each?
Communicable- infectious, spreads between people e.g measles, tuberculosis
Noncommunicable- doesn’t spread, not infectious e.g cancer, diabetes
Give three risk factors and name a disease they are associated with
Alcohol- liver disease and brain damage, smoking- lung cancer, obesity- diabetes
What is cancer?
The growth of uncontrolled cells
What is the difference between a benign tumour and a malignant one?
Benign- doesn’t spread, slow reaction
Malignant- spreads around body, fast reaction
Give the role of the palisade layer into adaptions of it
For photosynthesis with lots of chloroplasts and is tightly packed
What is the role of Meristem tissues in plants and where is it found?
Creates plant stem cells, found in roots and shoots
What is the xylem and give an adaptation of xylem tissue in plants?
Carry water from roots to leaves and is made of dead cells with the ends broken off to allow water to flow through
What is the phloem and give an adaptation of phloem tissues in plants?
Carry glucose from leaves around the plant and have sieve plates to allow sugars to be transported throughout the plant
What is transpiration?
The loss of water in a plant by evaporation
Give four factors which affect transpiration
Light intensity, winds, humidity, airflow
Which instrument can be used to measure the rate of transpiration
Potometer
What is the function of guard cells?
Open and close stomata to let gases in
