B3 and B4

Question 1

Where is bile produced?

Answer 1

In the liver

Question 2

What does bile do? (2)

Answer 2

・Break down fats in small droplets (emulsifies)

・Increase the pH making it more alkaline

Question 3

How does breaking the fat make it easier for enzymes?

Answer 3

Larger SA means the food can be broken down quicker - enzymes digest better

Question 4

How does increasing the pH make it easier for the enzymes?

Answer 4

The pH neutralises the hydrochloric acid from the stomach - enzymes work better in the SI at a higher pH

Question 5

What is the optimum pH for enzymes to work at?

Answer 5

7.9

Question 6

Where is bile stored?

Answer 6

In the gall bladder

Question 7

Where is the bile released into?

Answer 7

The small intestine

Question 8

What does the blood do? (5)

Answer 8

・Protect the body from pathogens
・Carries oxygen to body cells
・Carries carbon dioxide away from the cell
・Carries nutrients to the cell
・Carries waste products to the kidney

Question 9

Where do arteries carry the blood?

Answer 9

Away from the heart

Question 10

Where do capillaries carry the blood?

Answer 10

Diffuses from the blood -> cell

Question 11

Where do veins carry the blood?

Answer 11

Towards the heart

Question 12

Properties of arteries (3)

Answer 12

・More muscles fibres to withstand higher pressure
・lumen in the centre
・Elastic fibres on the outside

Question 13

Properties of veins (3)

Answer 13

・Less muscle fibres
・lumen in the centre
・Elastic fibres on the outside

Question 14

How big are capillaries?

Answer 14

One cell thick

Question 15

What is blood?

Answer 15

A tissue consisting of plasma, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended

Question 16

Properties of capillaries (2)

Answer 16

・One cell thick

・Narrow with thin walls to allow diffusion easily

Question 17

Veins have a pulse. True of False?

Answer 17

False

Question 18

Vena cava

Answer 18

・Right of the heart

・Brings deoxygenated blood

Question 19

Timeline of passing blood through heart (11)

Answer 19

Vena cava -> Right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> body -> vena cava

Question 20

Valve strings

Answer 20

Stop the valves from turning inside out

Question 21

Heart valves (2)

Answer 21

・Stop the blood flow from going backwards

・They do this by opening when the muscle below contracts and closing after

Question 22

Problem that needs stents

Answer 22

・In Coronary heart disease the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrow due to the buildup of fat on the lining of the vessels. Blood flow is reduced causing heart attack

Question 23

What do stents do?

Answer 23

They prevent the artery from becoming too narrow by keeping it open.

Question 24

Process of installing a stent (3)

Answer 24

・ A balloon covered by a wire mesh is added into the artery
・The balloon is inflated
・The balloon is then deflated but the stent stays in place

Question 25

Properties of statin

Answer 25

Reduces blood cholesterol levels which slow the deposit of fatty material

Question 26

What are leaky valves?

Answer 26

Over time valves can become leaky or stiff and not open fully

Question 27

Types of valves to replace leaky valves (2)

Answer 27

・ Mechanical valves - last forever but medication is needed to stop the blood from clotting ・Biological valves - last 12 - 15 years but no medication is needed

Question 28

Artificial pacemakers

Answer 28

Control the rate at which the heart beats - too fast and it doesnt pump blood properly | too slow and it doesnt pump enough

Question 29

Artificial hearts (2)

Answer 29

Can be used as a temporary heart while the patient is waiting for a new one or allow the heart to rest for a bit

Question 30

Layers of a leaf (8)

Answer 30

``` Top: ・Upper epidermal tissue ・Palisade mesophyll tissue ・Xylem and Phloem ・spongy mesophyll tissue ・Lower epidermal tissue; guard cells and stomata Bottom: ```

Question 31

Properties of upper epidermal tissue (2)

Answer 31

・Covered in waxy cuticle to help reduce water loss | ・transparent to let light through

Question 32

Properties of palisade mesophyll layer (2)

Answer 32

・Lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis | ・At the top of the leaf to get the most sunlight

Question 33

Properties of Xylem and Phloem (3)

Answer 33

・Help support the structure ・Take away the glucose produced ・Deliver water and nutrients to the entire leaf

Question 34

Properties of spongy mesophyll tissue

Answer 34

・Air spaces in the tissue to increase the rate of diffusion

Question 35

Properties of lower epidermal tissue

Answer 35

Lots of small holes (stomata) which let CO2 diffuse directly into the leaf

Question 36

Function of guard cells

Answer 36

Control the opening and closing of the stomate in response to environmental conditions

Question 37

Journey of breathing in

Answer 37

・Volume of chest increases ・Higher volume = lower pressure ・Because the pressure outside is greater, the air rushes in

Question 38

Journey of breathing out

Answer 38

・Ribcage falls and the diaphragm moves up ・Lower volume = higher pressure ・Because the pressure in the lungs in higher the air rushes out

Question 39

Tranchea (2)

Answer 39

・ Allows the air to pass through | ・Has rings of cartilage to stop the tube from collapsing

Question 40

Function of Bronchi

Answer 40

・Air goes from the trachea into the Bronchi (singular is bronchus)

Question 41

Function of bronchioles

Answer 41

The bronchi splits into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles

Question 42

Function of Alveoli (2)

Answer 42

・Bronchioles eventually split into alveoli | ・Its where gas exchange occurs

Question 43

Adaptations of Alveoli (4)

Answer 43

・Large SA - more space for diffusion ・Thin wall - smaller diffusion distance ・High blood supply - more blood cells with a lack of Oxygen therefore higher conc. gradient ・Moist cells - gases dissolve quicker

Question 44

Translocation

Answer 44

Movement of dissolved sugars

Question 45

What does the phloem transport?

Answer 45

Food

Question 46

What does the xylem transport?

Answer 46

Water

Question 47

Transpiration definition

Answer 47

The evaporation of water from aerial parts of the plant (mainly stomata)

Question 48

What is water needed for in plants? (2)

Answer 48

Structure and photsynthesis

Question 49

Transpiration stream

Answer 49

The pathway of water from the roots through the stem and out of the leaves

Question 50

Ways to increase transpiration

Answer 50

・ Higher temperature - particles move more | ・higher wind currents

Question 51

How does transpiration move up?

Answer 51

As the water molecules evaporate, the cohesion between the water molecules means that the top molecule 'pulls' the molecule below it, which 'pulls' the molecule below.