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Biology > B3 and B4 > Flashcards

B3 and B4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

In the liver

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2
Q

What does bile do? (2)

A

・Break down fats in small droplets (emulsifies)

・Increase the pH making it more alkaline

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3
Q

How does breaking the fat make it easier for enzymes?

A

Larger SA means the food can be broken down quicker - enzymes digest better

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4
Q

How does increasing the pH make it easier for the enzymes?

A

The pH neutralises the hydrochloric acid from the stomach - enzymes work better in the SI at a higher pH

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5
Q

What is the optimum pH for enzymes to work at?

A

7.9

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6
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

In the gall bladder

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7
Q

Where is the bile released into?

A

The small intestine

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8
Q

What does the blood do? (5)

A 
・Protect the body from pathogens
・Carries oxygen to body cells
・Carries carbon dioxide away from the cell
・Carries nutrients to the cell
・Carries waste products to the kidney
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9
Q

Where do arteries carry the blood?

A

Away from the heart

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10
Q

Where do capillaries carry the blood?

A

Diffuses from the blood -> cell

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11
Q

Where do veins carry the blood?

A

Towards the heart

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12
Q

Properties of arteries (3)

A

・More muscles fibres to withstand higher pressure
・lumen in the centre
・Elastic fibres on the outside

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13
Q

Properties of veins (3)

A

・Less muscle fibres
・lumen in the centre
・Elastic fibres on the outside

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14
Q

How big are capillaries?

A

One cell thick

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15
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue consisting of plasma, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended

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16
Q

Properties of capillaries (2)

A

・One cell thick

・Narrow with thin walls to allow diffusion easily

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17
Q

Veins have a pulse. True of False?

A

False

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18
Q

Vena cava

A

・Right of the heart

・Brings deoxygenated blood

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19
Q

Timeline of passing blood through heart (11)

A

Vena cava -> Right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> body -> vena cava

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20
Q

Valve strings

A

Stop the valves from turning inside out

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21
Q

Heart valves (2)

A

・Stop the blood flow from going backwards

・They do this by opening when the muscle below contracts and closing after

22
Q

Problem that needs stents

A

・In Coronary heart disease the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrow due to the buildup of fat on the lining of the vessels. Blood flow is reduced causing heart attack

23
Q

What do stents do?

A

They prevent the artery from becoming too narrow by keeping it open.

24
Q

Process of installing a stent (3)

A

・ A balloon covered by a wire mesh is added into the artery
・The balloon is inflated
・The balloon is then deflated but the stent stays in place

25
Q

Properties of statin

A

Reduces blood cholesterol levels which slow the deposit of fatty material

26
Q

What are leaky valves?

A

Over time valves can become leaky or stiff and not open fully

27
Q

Types of valves to replace leaky valves (2)

A

・ Mechanical valves - last forever but medication is needed to stop the blood from clotting
・Biological valves - last 12 - 15 years but no medication is needed

28
Q

Artificial pacemakers

A

Control the rate at which the heart beats - too fast and it doesnt pump blood properly | too slow and it doesnt pump enough

29
Q

Artificial hearts (2)

A

Can be used as a temporary heart while the patient is waiting for a new one or allow the heart to rest for a bit

30
Q

Layers of a leaf (8)

A 
Top:
・Upper epidermal tissue
・Palisade mesophyll tissue
・Xylem and Phloem
・spongy mesophyll tissue
・Lower epidermal tissue; guard cells and stomata
Bottom:
31
Q

Properties of upper epidermal tissue (2)

A

・Covered in waxy cuticle to help reduce water loss

・transparent to let light through

32
Q

Properties of palisade mesophyll layer (2)

A

・Lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

・At the top of the leaf to get the most sunlight

33
Q

Properties of Xylem and Phloem (3)

A

・Help support the structure
・Take away the glucose produced
・Deliver water and nutrients to the entire leaf

34
Q

Properties of spongy mesophyll tissue

A

・Air spaces in the tissue to increase the rate of diffusion

35
Q

Properties of lower epidermal tissue

A

Lots of small holes (stomata) which let CO2 diffuse directly into the leaf

36
Q

Function of guard cells

A

Control the opening and closing of the stomate in response to environmental conditions

37
Q

Journey of breathing in

A

・Volume of chest increases
・Higher volume = lower pressure
・Because the pressure outside is greater, the air rushes in

38
Q

Journey of breathing out

A

・Ribcage falls and the diaphragm moves up
・Lower volume = higher pressure
・Because the pressure in the lungs in higher the air rushes out

39
Q

Tranchea (2)

A

・ Allows the air to pass through

・Has rings of cartilage to stop the tube from collapsing

40
Q

Function of Bronchi

A

・Air goes from the trachea into the Bronchi (singular is bronchus)

41
Q

Function of bronchioles

A

The bronchi splits into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles

42
Q

Function of Alveoli (2)

A

・Bronchioles eventually split into alveoli

・Its where gas exchange occurs

43
Q

Adaptations of Alveoli (4)

A

・Large SA - more space for diffusion
・Thin wall - smaller diffusion distance
・High blood supply - more blood cells with a lack of Oxygen therefore higher conc. gradient
・Moist cells - gases dissolve quicker

44
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of dissolved sugars

45
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Food

46
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

Water

47
Q

Transpiration definition

A

The evaporation of water from aerial parts of the plant (mainly stomata)

48
Q

What is water needed for in plants? (2)

A

Structure and photsynthesis

49
Q

Transpiration stream

A

The pathway of water from the roots through the stem and out of the leaves

50
Q

Ways to increase transpiration

A

・ Higher temperature - particles move more

・higher wind currents

51
Q

How does transpiration move up?

A

As the water molecules evaporate, the cohesion between the water molecules means that the top molecule ‘pulls’ the molecule below it, which ‘pulls’ the molecule below.

Biology (6 decks)

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