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Biology > B1 And B2 > Flashcards

B1 And B2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Complex - includes all animal and plant cells

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • Simpler and smaller

- Single celled organisms

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material that controls the cell

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where most reactions happen. Enzymes control the reaction

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what comes in and out

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where most reactions for aerobic respiration occur

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made

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8
Q

Rigid cell wall

A
  • only in plant
  • made of cellulose
  • supports and strengthens the cell
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9
Q

Permanent vacuole

A
  • only in plants

- contains cell sap (weak solution of sugar and salts)

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10
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • only in plants
  • where photosynthesis occurs (makes food for the plants)
  • contains a green substance called Chlorophyll
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11
Q

Plasmids

A
  • (Not in plant or animal but in bacterial cells)

- small rings of DNA

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12
Q

Bacterial cell contains… (5)

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • (optional) plasmids
  • single circular strand that floats freely in the cytoplasm
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13
Q

Bacterial cells are…

A

Prokaryotes

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14
Q

Light microscopes use…

A

Light

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15
Q

Electron microscopes use…

A

Electrons - better than light microscopes

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16
Q

Magnification formula

A

Magnification = image size / real size

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17
Q

How many μm in 1mm?

A

1000

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18
Q

Differentiation

A

When a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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19
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells

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20
Q

Sperm cell. (4)

A
  • reproduction
  • long tail and streamline
  • lots of mitochondria
  • carries enzymes
21
Q

Nerve cell. (4)

A
  • rapid signalling
  • carries electrical signals around the body
  • long to cover more distance
  • branched connections to form a network across the body
22
Q

Muscles cells. (3)

A
  • contracts quickly (function)
  • long to have space to contract
  • lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed
23
Q

Root hair cells. (3)

A
  • absorbing water and minerals
  • on the surface of plant roots
  • big Surface Area to absorb water and minerals
24
Q

Phloem cells (4)

A
  • transportation
  • forms Phloem tubes which transport food and water
  • long and join end to end
  • few sub-cellular structure so stuff can go through
25
Q

Xylem cells (4)

A
  • transportation
  • forms xylem cells
  • long and joined end to end
  • hollow
26
Q

What contains your chromosomes?

A

Nucleus

27
Q

Chromosomes are coiled up lengths of…

A

DNA Molecules

28
Q

Amount of chromosomes in a human cell

A

23 pairs (total 46)

29
Q

Stage 1 of the cell cycle?

A

Growth and DNA replication

30
Q

Stage 2 of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis

31
Q

Stage 3 of the cell cycle?

A

Cytokenisis

32
Q

What happens during stage 1 of the cell cycle? (3)

A
  • DNA is spread into long strings
  • cells increases amount of sub-cellular structure
  • duplicates its DNA forming X-shaped chromosomes
33
Q

What happens during stage 2 of the cell cycle? (2)

A
  • the chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell

- cell fibres pull them apart

34
Q

What happens during stage 3 of the cell cycle? (3)

A
  • inner membrane forms around the new set of chromosomes
  • the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides
  • forms two new daughter cells
35
Q

Stem cells that cannot turn into any cell type

A

Adult stem cells

36
Q

Positives of stem cell research (3)

A
  • cure diseases by transferring healthy cells to a patient
  • replace faulty cells
  • therapeutic cloning makes the embryo have the same genetic info as the patient meaning it wouldn’t get rejected
37
Q

Negatives of stem cell research. (2)

A
  • human embryos are a potential life threat

- cells grown in labs could get contaminated

38
Q

Where are stem cells found in the plant?

A

The meristems

39
Q

Meristems

A

Part of the plant where growth occurs

40
Q

Cells in meristem tissues can differentiate. True of false?

A

True

41
Q

Advantages of using stem cells in plants. (2)

A
  • produce clones of whole plants quickly (for endangered plants)
  • grow more plants
  • make crops with desirable features (eg. Disease resistant)
42
Q

Osmosis definition

A

Osmosis is the moment of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

43
Q

Active transport

A

Substance that need to be absorbed against a concentration gradient

44
Q

Example of active transport

A
  • plants need minerals for health growth
  • the concentration of minerals is usually higher in the root hair cell than in the soil around it
  • so they need to absorb minerals against the concentration gradient
45
Q

Active transport doesn’t need energy. True of False?

A

False - needs energy from respiration to make it work

46
Q

Larger Surface Area means you can absorb more substances at once. True of False?

A

True

47
Q

How do you find out how easy it is for an organism to exchange substance?

A

Surface Area : Volume Ratio

48
Q

Ways in which exchanging surfaces are adapted to maximise effectiveness. (4)

A

(Both) - thin membrane = short distance to diffuse
(Both) - big Surface Area = lots of substances can diffuse at once
(Animal) - lots of blood vessels = gets things in and out of blood quickly
(Animal) - gas exchange surfaces are ventilated = air moves in and out

Biology (6 decks)

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