B3 Flashcards
What are antibiotics?
Medicines that help cure BACTERIAL diseases by killing infective bacteria inside the body
What is clinical drug testing?
Drug testing done on HEALTHY human VOLUNTEERS and patients
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that can be spread between individuals, either directly or indirectly
What is a double blind trial?
A study performed where neither the researcher or the patient know whether the patient is taking the drug or a placebo
What is gonorrhoea and its symptoms?
A STD caused by BACTERIA
Symptoms- thick yellow or green discharge or pain during urinating
What is HIV and what can it lead to?
An infectious VIRUS that weakens the human immune system and can lead to AIDS
What is malaria and what are its symptoms?
A disease caused by a PROTIST
Symptoms- causes recurrent episodes of fever that can be fatal
What is measles and the symptoms?
A diseased caused by a VIRUS
Symptoms- fever and a red skin rash
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Antibodies produced from a SINGLE CLONE OF CELLS that are specific to ONE binding site on ONE protein antigen
What is a non communicable disease?
A disease that can’t be spread between individuals
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
What are placebos?
A substance designed to be indistinguishable from being a drug being tested but poses no actual effect to the patient
What is preclinical drug testing?
Drug testing done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals
What are rose black spots?
A FUNGAl disease where purple or black spots develop on the leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early
What is salmonella and what are its symptoms?
A BACTERIAL disease that is spread by bacteria injected in food
Symptoms- fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
What are side effects?
Additional effects that the drug has that are different form the expected effect of the drug
What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?
A VIRAL infection
Produces a mosaic pattern on the leaves and limits the plant growth
What is a vaccination?
Process of introducing small quantitates of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies
What is a white blood cell?
An important type of cell that makes up the immune system and produces antibodies and antitoxins
What is the immune response in the body?
White blood cells create antibodies and antitoxins to engulf the pathogens in phagocytosis
What are new drugs tested for?
Efficacy, toxicity and dose
What happens after a vaccination triggers an immune response?
Memory cells remain- if the pathogen renters the body, it can be quickly recognised and destroyed
What is the difference between painkillers and antibiotics?
Painkillers only treat the symptoms whereas antibiotics kill bacteria
Give an example of a disease caused by protists
Malaria
Give some examples of viral diseases
HIV, Measles and TMV
Give an example of a fungal disease
Rose black spot
Give some examples of bacterial diseases
Gonorrhoea, salmonella
Why are pathogens dangerous?
They reproduce quickly, and cause damage by secreting toxins or damaging cells (e.g. viruses enter and reproduce inside a cell, which causes it to die)
What are some bad things about antibiotics?
They can’t kill viruses very well with the risk of damaging the cell, and bacteria can become resistant due to overuse
What measures are taken to reduce the transmission of communicable diseases?
Improving hygiene, using contraception, vaccination, destruction of infected plants/animals
What are the functions of monoclonal antibodies?
They target specific cells or chemicals in the body and are highly specific to one antigen
What are the limitations of monoclonal antibodies?
They have unwanted side effects and are expensive to produce
What are the limitations of monoclonal antibodies?
They have unwanted side effects and are expensive to produce
How are monoclonal antibodies created?
Mouse lymphocytes are stimulated to produce a particular antibody
Lymphocytes are extracted and fused with cancer cells- forms a hybridoma cell
The selected hybridoma cells are cloned
Large quantities of these antibodies are produced after they are purified
What can monoclonal antibodies be used to diagnose?
Pregnancy- targets the HCG hormones
Detects pathogens- e.g HIV, AIDS
Locate substances in cells or tissues using a fluorescent dye
Measure the concentration of the chemicals in blood
What treatment can monoclonal antibodies be used for?
Cancer- targets cancer cells only
They can be bound to toxins, drugs or radioactive substances
What are some of the causes of plant diseases?
Viral, bacterial or fungal pathogens
Nutrient deficiency- magnesium deficiency results in chlorosis, because magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll- nitrate deficiency results in a stunted growth since nitrates are used in protein synthesis
Insects, such as aphids
What might be some symptoms when detecting plant diseases?
Abnormal or stunted growth, rotting, discolouration, spots on leaves, visible signs of pathogens (e.g eggs or bacterial slime)
What are some of the methods of identifying disease?
Testing in labs, monoclonal antibody test kits or using a gardening manual or website
What are some physical plant defences?
Waxy cuticle
Cellulose cell walls
Bark/ dead cells around the stem
What are some mechanical plant defences?
Mimicry
Leaf responses
Thorns and hairs
What are some chemical plant defences?
Poison
Antibacterial chemicals
How to determine the rate of transpiration?
Distance travelled by the air bubbles/ time taken
