Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

regulation (balance) of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for enzyme function and all cell functions in response to internal and external changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does homeostasis control

A

blood glucose concentration
body temperature
water levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Receptor cells

A

these are specialised cells that detect a stimulus (changes in the environment).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The human nervous system order

A

stimulus 🡪 receptor 🡪 coordinator 🡪 effector 🡪 response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sensory neurone

A

these carry impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Relay neurones

A

these connect the sensory neurones to the motor neurones in the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Motor neurones

A

these carry impulses from the CNS to an effector.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

brain

A

e brain controls complex behaviour. It is made of billions of interconnected neurones and has different regions that carry out different functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

three main structure in the brain

A

cerebral cortex – is the outer ‘wrinkled’ layer of the brain. It is responsible for intelligence, language, memory and consciousness.
cerebellum – is located at the lower part of the back of the brain and is responsible for voluntary coordination of the muscles.
medulla – is located in the lower part of the brain stem. It is responsible for involuntary coordination such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cornea

A

Transparent layer at the front of the eye; it refracts light into the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

iris

A

The coloured part of the eye; contains muscles that control the amount of light entering the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pupil

A

The hole in the middle of the iris that lets light in. Its diameter is controlled by the iris.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lens

A

A transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that refracts light onto the retina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

retina

A

Thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains receptor cells for light and colour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sclera

A

Tough white supporting wall of the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ciliary muscles

A

Muscles that are connected to the lens by the suspensory ligaments; they change the shape of the lens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

These connect the lens to the ciliary muscles.

18
Q

optic nerve

A

Carries impulses from the retina to the brain.

19
Q

What is hyperopia? How can it be corrected?

A

Long-sightedness, it can be corrected with convex lenses

20
Q

What is myopia? How can it be corrected?

A

Short-sightedness, it can be corrected with concave lenses

21
Q

endocrine system

A

The endocrine system is composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.

22
Q

pituitary gland

A

The pituitary gland in the brain is often called a ‘master gland’ as it produces and secretes many hormones into the blood.
The hormones are released in response to changes in body conditions.

23
Q

thyroid

A

The thyroid produces and secretes the hormone thyroxine. Thyroxine regulates the metabolic rate, this is the rate at which energy is released in the body. Thyroxine also regulates breathing, heart rate and body temperature.

24
Q

Negative feedback:

A

occurs when there is a change in the body (i.e. blood glucose increases)
the nervous system detects the change
this stimulates an opposite hormonal response
this reverses the effect back to homeostasis.

25
Q

Positive Feedback: (less common)

A

a change starts
the nervous system detects the change
then stimulates more hormones to be released to accelerate the change.

26
Q

ovaries

A

he ovaries produce and secrete the hormones oestrogen and progesterone. Oestrogen controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females and inhibits FSH and stimulates the pituitary gland to produce LH.
Progesterone maintains the lining of the uterus during the menstrual cycle.

27
Q

testes

A

The testes produce and secrete the hormone testosterone. It controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics in
males.

28
Q

FSH

A

pituitary glands
Stimulates egg ripening and oestrogen production (in ovaries

29
Q

Oestrogen

A

Ovaries
Lining of the womb to develop. Stimulates pituitary gland to make LH

30
Q

LH

A

Pituitary Gland
Stimulates egg release and progesterone production in the ovaries

31
Q

Progesterone

A

Ovaries
Maintains the lining of the womb

32
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

If the body temperature is too low, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver).

33
Q

Vasodilation

A

If the body temperature is too high, blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced from the sweat glands. Both these mechanisms cause a transfer of energy from the skin to the environment.

34
Q

Blood glucose concentration

A

Blood glucose concentration TOO HIGH

The PANCREAS releases insulin

GLUCOSE is moved from the blood into the cells

LIVER and MUSCLE cells convert excess GLUCOSE into GLYCOGEN for storage

35
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

A disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin.
The lack of insulin causes uncontrolled high blood glucose levels.
Type 1 is normally treated with insulin injections.

36
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

A disorder where the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas.
Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 is normally treated by controlling the carbohydrate in the diet and by exercise.

37
Q

Hypertonic

A

more concentrated solution than in the cells

38
Q

Isotonic

A

same concentration as the solution in the cell

39
Q

Hypotonic

A

more dilute than the solution in the cells

40
Q

high diet in protein

A

Diet high in proteins

Digestive system
proteins 🡪 amino acids

Liver
amino acids 🡪 ammonia
(deaminated)

ammonia 🡪 urea

Kidneys
Urea is filtered from the blood and excreted from the body in urine

41
Q

What does deaminated mean?

A

An amino group is removed from an amino acid.

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions