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Biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what can you see with a Light microscope

A

Viewing whole cell/ large subcellular structures

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2
Q

what can you see with an Electron microscope

A

Viewing subcellular structures

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3
Q

Pros and cons light microscope

A

Pros
Affordable
Cons
Low resolution and magnification

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4
Q

Pros and cons electron microscope

A

Pros
Higher resolution and magnification
Cons
Expensive

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5
Q

Subcellular structures found in animal and plant cells

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosome

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6
Q

Found in plants only

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast

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7
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Controls the cell and contains genetic material

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where most chemical reaction take place

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9
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what comes in and out of the cell

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Contains enzymes for chemical respiration

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11
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose and provides structural support

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12
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap which provides support

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13
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs

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14
Q

what is a Prokaryotes

A

Have no nucleus. The nuclear materials lie free within the cytoplasm

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15
Q

what is a Eukaryotes

A

Have a nucleus bound by nuclear membrane

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16
Q

what are Enzymes

A

Increase the rate of chemical reactipns inside and organism
They are made out of protein and the amino acid chain fold to make a shape.
The substrate fits it is called the active site.
Enzymes denature.

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17
Q

Factors affecting enzyme action

A

Temperature
pH
Substrate and enzyme concentrate
Low temp, slow reaction

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18
Q

Explain what is meant by the lock and key method

A

The lock and key method states that the substrate and active site fit perfectly

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19
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A

Presents of oxygen
Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water ( energy released)
C⁶H¹²O⁶+ 6CO² —> 6CO² + 6H²0

20
Q

Anaerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose —> lactic acid (energy released)
Occurs when oxygen can not be delivered to cells fast enough creating an oxygen debt.
Yeast:
Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethical ( energy released)

21
Q

equation of magnification

A

mag= size of image/ real size of image

22
Q

making a wet mount slide

A

place a thin specimen onto the slide
stain the specimen
cover the slip

23
Q

Resolution

A

The shortest distance between two objects that can be seen clearly.

24
Q

DNA

A

polymer made from two strands which twist around each other making a spiral ladder.

holds genetic material

25
Q

gene

A

A gene is a small section on a chromosome. Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein.

26
Q

genome

A

The genome of an organism is defined as the entire genetic material of that organism.

27
Q

4 bases in DNA.

A

Adenine (A), thymine (T) 1 pair
guanine (G) and cytosine (C) 2 pair
complementary pariing

28
Q

Proteins

A

Enzymes – all made from protein.
Hormones – all made from protein
Antibodies – all made from protein
Structural components such as muscle, hair and nail tissue.

Genes provide the instructions to make the required protein from amino acids.

29
Q

Making new proteins (protein synthesis)

A
  1. Part of the DNA unravels.
  2. Enzymes make a copy of the DNA strand. This is called mRNA.
  3. mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm
  4. The mRNA travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
  5. Ribosomes translate each set of 3 bases into amino acids according to the
    mRNA template.
  6. Amino acids are found in the cytoplasm. The correct amino acid for each set of
    3 bases is brought to the ribosome by a carrier molecule.
  7. A long chain of amino acids form. Their specific order forms a specific protein
30
Q

Mutations

A

occur continuously during cell division. Most of the time when a mutation occurs, the change to the coding of DNA is so slight it does not affect the protein being made. The proteins appearance and function are unchanged.
Occasionally a mutation does change the DNA code enough to result in an altered protein with a different shape.

active site of an enzyme may have a changed shape and then the enzyme will not be able to bind to the substrate. The enzyme will no longer function.
`

31
Q

Amylase where is it released

A

Salivary glands and pancreas

32
Q

Protease where is it released

A

stomach and pancrease

33
Q

lipase where is it released

A

pancrease

34
Q

what does amylase breakdown

A

carbonhydrates into simple sugar

35
Q

what does protease breakdown

A

proteins into amino acids

36
Q

what does lipase breakdown

A

fats and oils into fatty asids and glycerol

37
Q

lock and key model

A

The shape of the active site of the enzyme is specific for each substrate

38
Q

emzyme activity is affected by

A

tempreture
pH
. Specific conditions are needed to keep enzymes working at their best. OPTIMUM CONDITIONS

39
Q

denature

A

. Specific conditions are needed to keep enzymes working at their best. OPTIMUM CONDITIONS

40
Q

Respiration

A

cellular respiration. This is because the reactions of respiration occur inside cells.
Every living cell needs energy and this energy is released from food (glucose) by a series of chemical reactions called respiration.

Respiration is an exothermic reaction which means energy is transferred to the environment.

41
Q

word equation which represents aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen —–> carbon dioxide + water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —–> 6CO2 + 6H2O

42
Q

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

A

Glucose is not completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water, so less
energy is transferred. An end product called lactic acid is formed. This builds
up in the muscle cells.

43
Q

Anaerobic respiration equation in plants

A

glucose ——–> ethanol + carbon dioxide

44
Q

durring exterice what is in demand

A

more oxegyen
hearts rate increase - to pumb oxengated blood faster through the mucles
breathing rate increases

45
Q

examples of metabolic reactions

A

conversion of glucose to cellulose in plants to strengthen cell walls
conversion of glucose to glycogen in animal cells for storage
formation of lipids from a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid
breakdown of proteins to form urea for excretion
Respiration.

46
Q

word equation photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water ——-> glucose + oxygen (light)

47
Q

balanced symbol equation photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Biology (4 decks)

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