B1 Flashcards
what can you see with a Light microscope
Viewing whole cell/ large subcellular structures
what can you see with an Electron microscope
Viewing subcellular structures
Pros and cons light microscope
Pros
Affordable
Cons
Low resolution and magnification
Pros and cons electron microscope
Pros
Higher resolution and magnification
Cons
Expensive
Subcellular structures found in animal and plant cells
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Found in plants only
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Function of nucleus
Controls the cell and contains genetic material
Cytoplasm
Where most chemical reaction take place
Cell membrane
Controls what comes in and out of the cell
Mitochondria
Contains enzymes for chemical respiration
Cell wall
Made of cellulose and provides structural support
Vacuole
Contains cell sap which provides support
Chloroplast
Contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
what is a Prokaryotes
Have no nucleus. The nuclear materials lie free within the cytoplasm
what is a Eukaryotes
Have a nucleus bound by nuclear membrane
what are Enzymes
Increase the rate of chemical reactipns inside and organism
They are made out of protein and the amino acid chain fold to make a shape.
The substrate fits it is called the active site.
Enzymes denature.
Factors affecting enzyme action
Temperature
pH
Substrate and enzyme concentrate
Low temp, slow reaction
Explain what is meant by the lock and key method
The lock and key method states that the substrate and active site fit perfectly
Aerobic respiration equation
Presents of oxygen
Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water ( energy released)
C⁶H¹²O⁶+ 6CO² —> 6CO² + 6H²0
Anaerobic respiration equation
Glucose —> lactic acid (energy released)
Occurs when oxygen can not be delivered to cells fast enough creating an oxygen debt.
Yeast:
Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethical ( energy released)
equation of magnification
mag= size of image/ real size of image
making a wet mount slide
place a thin specimen onto the slide
stain the specimen
cover the slip
Resolution
The shortest distance between two objects that can be seen clearly.
DNA
polymer made from two strands which twist around each other making a spiral ladder.
holds genetic material
gene
A gene is a small section on a chromosome. Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein.
genome
The genome of an organism is defined as the entire genetic material of that organism.
4 bases in DNA.
Adenine (A), thymine (T) 1 pair
guanine (G) and cytosine (C) 2 pair
complementary pariing
Proteins
Enzymes – all made from protein.
Hormones – all made from protein
Antibodies – all made from protein
Structural components such as muscle, hair and nail tissue.
Genes provide the instructions to make the required protein from amino acids.
Making new proteins (protein synthesis)
- Part of the DNA unravels.
- Enzymes make a copy of the DNA strand. This is called mRNA.
- mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm
- The mRNA travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomes translate each set of 3 bases into amino acids according to the
mRNA template. - Amino acids are found in the cytoplasm. The correct amino acid for each set of
3 bases is brought to the ribosome by a carrier molecule. - A long chain of amino acids form. Their specific order forms a specific protein
Mutations
occur continuously during cell division. Most of the time when a mutation occurs, the change to the coding of DNA is so slight it does not affect the protein being made. The proteins appearance and function are unchanged.
Occasionally a mutation does change the DNA code enough to result in an altered protein with a different shape.
active site of an enzyme may have a changed shape and then the enzyme will not be able to bind to the substrate. The enzyme will no longer function.
`
Amylase where is it released
Salivary glands and pancreas
Protease where is it released
stomach and pancrease
lipase where is it released
pancrease
what does amylase breakdown
carbonhydrates into simple sugar
what does protease breakdown
proteins into amino acids
what does lipase breakdown
fats and oils into fatty asids and glycerol
lock and key model
The shape of the active site of the enzyme is specific for each substrate
emzyme activity is affected by
tempreture
pH
. Specific conditions are needed to keep enzymes working at their best. OPTIMUM CONDITIONS
denature
. Specific conditions are needed to keep enzymes working at their best. OPTIMUM CONDITIONS
Respiration
cellular respiration. This is because the reactions of respiration occur inside cells.
Every living cell needs energy and this energy is released from food (glucose) by a series of chemical reactions called respiration.
Respiration is an exothermic reaction which means energy is transferred to the environment.
word equation which represents aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen —–> carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —–> 6CO2 + 6H2O
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Glucose is not completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water, so less
energy is transferred. An end product called lactic acid is formed. This builds
up in the muscle cells.
Anaerobic respiration equation in plants
glucose ——–> ethanol + carbon dioxide
durring exterice what is in demand
more oxegyen
hearts rate increase - to pumb oxengated blood faster through the mucles
breathing rate increases
examples of metabolic reactions
conversion of glucose to cellulose in plants to strengthen cell walls
conversion of glucose to glycogen in animal cells for storage
formation of lipids from a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid
breakdown of proteins to form urea for excretion
Respiration.
word equation photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water ——-> glucose + oxygen (light)
balanced symbol equation photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2
