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B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do all drugs need to be tested?

A
  • Check the toxicity.
  • Check if the drug is effective.
  • Work out the best dose of the drug.
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2
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A tablet or injection that has no active drug in it.

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that can cause disease.

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4
Q

Name 4 pathogens

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungus/fungi
  • Protists
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5
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

A
  • Bacteria invade the body.
  • Then they reproduce.
  • They release harmful chemicals called toxins.
  • Toxins harm your cells and tissues, making you feel ill.
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6
Q

How do viruses make you ill?

A
  • Virus invade the body, however they need a host cell.
  • After they invade a host cell, the virus reproduces.
  • The virus eventually leaves the cell, causing it to burst and die, which makes you feel ill.
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7
Q

Antibiotics are prescribed for which pathogen?

A

Bacteria.

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8
Q

How do pathogens spread?

A

Air - Coughing and sneezing.
Water - Cholera: drinking water that is produced by sewage.
Direct contact - HIV: Sharing of infected needles or sexual contact.

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9
Q

How do you reduce the spread of pathogens?

A
  1. Hygiene.
  2. Provide people with clean drinking water.
  3. Contraception.
  4. Isolation.
  5. Vaccination.
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10
Q

What is health?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being.

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11
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A
  • Caused by a pathogen.
  • Can spread from person to person.
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12
Q

What is a non communicable disease?

A
  • Not caused by a pathogen.
  • Cannot spread from person to person.
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13
Q

Give an example of a non communicable disease.

A

Coronary heart disease.

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14
Q

Explain the disease: Salmonella

A
  • Caused by bacteria.
  • Symptoms:
    1) Fever.
    2) Abdominal cramps.
    3) Vomiting.
    4) Diarrhoea.
  • It is spread through through food in poultry such as chicken.
  • In the UK, chickens are vaccinated against salmonella.
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15
Q

Explain the disease: Gonorrhoea

A
  • Caused by bacteria.
  • Symptoms:
    1) Thick yellow/green discharge.
    2) Pain when urinating.
  • It is spread through sexual contact.
  • Use a condom or avoid sexual contact to reduce the spread of the disease.
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16
Q

Explain this disease: Measles

A
  • Caused by a virus.
  • Symptoms:
    1) Fever.
    2) Red skin rash.
  • It is spread in droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This is inhaled by another person.
  • Most children are vaccinated against it.
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17
Q

Explain this disease: HIV

A
  • Cause by a virus.
  • Flu-like symptoms.
  • It is spread through unprotected sex and drug users sharing needles.
  • You can reduce the spread of it through antiretroviral drugs. These stop the virus from multiplying.
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18
Q

What kind of disease is malaria?

A

A communicable disease.

19
Q

What causes malaria?

A

Protists.

20
Q

How is malaria spread?

A
  • An infected person is bit by a mosquito (vector)
  • The vector bites another person, passing the pathogen onto them.
21
Q

How do you stop the spread of malaria?

A

1) Drain areas of still water (where mosquitos breed).
2) Spray insecticide on areas of still water.
3) Sleep under a mosquito net.
4) Spray the net with insecticide to kill mosquitoes.

22
Q

How is TMV caused and what are the symptoms?

A

Cause: Widespread plant infection.
Symptoms: Discolouration of the leaves in a mosaic pattern.

23
Q

How is Rose Black Spots caused, what are it’s symptoms, how does it spread what is the treatment?

A

Cause: Widespread plant infection.
Symptoms: Leaves develop purple or black spots. They then turn yellow and fall off.
Spread: Water and wind.
Treatment: Spray with fungicides OR remove and DESTROY the infected leaves.

24
Q

What is TMV?

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus.

25
Q

What pathogen causes Rose Black Spots?

A

Fungus/Fungi.

26
Q

What is the job of the non specific defence system?

A

To prevent pathogens from entering the body.

27
Q

Describe the 4 main parts of the non specific defence system.

A

Skin:
- Dead outer layer.
- Skin acts as a barrier.
- Sebum oil on the skin.
- Oil repels pathogens.
- Scabs form over cuts and form a barrier.
- Platelets are involved in forming clots/scabs.

Eyes:
- Produce tears.
- Tears are antiseptic.
- Contains enzymes to kill bacteria.

Breathing system (nose, trachea and bronchi):
- Produce mucus.
- Mucus is sticky.
- Mucus trap’s bacteria.
- Mucus is carried away by cilia.

Stomach:
- Contains hydrochloric acid.
- Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria.
- In food or swallowed mucus.

28
Q

How does the immune system protect us?

A
  • Destroys pathogens and toxins.
  • Protects us in case the same pathogen invades the body again.
29
Q

Explain how the white blood cells destroy pathogens.

A

Phagocytosis:
1) The white blood cheek detects the pathogen.
2) The white blood cell engulfs the pathogen.
3) The white blood cell produces enzymes to break down and kill the pathogen.

Antibodies:
- The white blood cell produces antibodies that are complimentary to the antigens.
- They attach onto each antigen.
- This destroys the pathogen.

Antitoxins:
- Neutralises toxins.
- So they cannot damage cells/tissues.
- So we don’t feel ill.

30
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Injecting dead or inactive forms of the pathogen into a body.

31
Q

How does a vaccination work?

A

1) A small amount of the dead or inactive pathogen is injected in the body.
2) The white blood cell divides by mitosis to produce lots of copies of itself.
3) The white blood cells produce the right antibodies.
4) The body can now produce the right antibodies to fight the disease.

32
Q

What is meant by herd immunity?

A
  • A large amount of the population is vaccinated.
  • This means people who aren’t vaccinated won’t get the disease.
33
Q

What are painkillers used for?

A

To treat symptoms.

34
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Kill infective bacteria without harming body cells.

35
Q

Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill viruses?

A

Viruses are inside a host cell, so it would damage the cell.

36
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A
  • Antibiotics have been overused.
  • So bacteria have evolved and are no longer killed by the antibiotic.
37
Q

What are the following drugs and where are they extracted form:
• Digitalis
• Aspirin
• Penicillin

A

• Digitalis:
- Heart drug.
- Extracted from foxglove plant.

• Aspirin:
- Painkiller.
- Extracted from willow trees/bark.

• Penicillin:
- Antibiotic.
- Extracted from mould penicillium.

38
Q

Give 3 reasons why all drugs need to be tested and trialled.

A

1) We need to check the toxicity of the drug.
2) We need to check if the drug is effective.
3) We need to figure out the best dose for the drug.

39
Q

Describe the process of drug trialling and testing.

A

Stage 1: Laboratory tests or tests on tissues or animals to test for toxicity (not to be carried out on humans as it could be toxic).

Stage 2: Tests for side effects on healthy volunteers (very low doses are given tk healthy volunteers to check if the drug is safe in humans).

Stage 3: Widespread testing to test for optimum dose/test in patients to see if is effective.

40
Q

What is the optimum dose?

A

Best dosage to treat the disease with the fewest side effects.

41
Q

Why do we use a placebo?

A
  • Some patients think they’re being treated, so they believe they’re going to get better.
  • This is to see if the drug actually works against the disease.
42
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A
  • The test group receive an active drug and the placebo group get a fake drug.
  • Neither the patients nor the doctors know which people are receiving the active drug and the placebo.
43
Q

Why is a double blind trial important?

A

To prevent bias.

Biology (7 decks)

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