B2B Enzymes And Genetics Flashcards
How do enzyme shapes effect reactions?
Every enzyme has a unique shape that fits onto the substance involved in a reaction
Enzymes usually only catalyse one reaction
for enzyme to work the substance has to fit its special shape. If the substance doesn’t fit the enzymes shape then no reaction will be catalysed
What are enzymes and what are they used for?
Enzymes are biological catalysts
Enzymes reduce the need for high temperatures ( which could kill cells)
Enzymes are all proteins and all proteins are made up of chains of amino acids
Proteins also act as structural components of tissues
How does temperature and ph effect enzymes ?
Higher the temperature faster the reaction at first
But get too hot, the bonds holding the enzyme together break
Destroys the enzyme unique shape so won’t work anymore ( denatured)
The ph also does this if it’s too high or low
What are the big molecules broken down to by digestive enzymes?
Starch, proteins & fats
big molecules, too big to pass through the walls of the digestive system
Turned into sugars, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids
Which can pass through easily
Digestive enzymes break down the big molecules
What are the digestive enzymes?
Amylase
Protease
Lipase
What does amylase do?
Amylase converts starch into sugars
Amylase is made in:
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine
What does protease do?
Protease converts proteins into amino acids
Protease is made in:
Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine
What does lipase do?
Lipase converts lipid ( fats& oils) into glycerol and fatty acids
Lipase is made in:
Pancreas
Small intestine
What is bile?
Bile is produced in the liver,Stored in the gall bladder,Released into small intestine
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine. Bile is alkaline, neutralises the acid. So enzymes can work
It emulsifies fats, into tiny droplets, bigger surface area for enzymes to work on. So digestion is faster
What is respiration?
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from glucose, which goes on in every cell
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration is respiration using oxygen
It’s the most efficient way to release energy from glucose
Mostly happens in mitochondria
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
What is the energy released by aerobic respiration used for?
To build up larger molecules from smaller ones
Allow muscles to contract
Maintain body temperature
In plants to build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids then built into proteins
How does exercise increase the heart rate?
Muscle cells use oxygen to release energy from glucose which is used to contract the muscles
Increase in muscle activity requires more oxygen & glucose for this to happen the blood has to flow faster
This is why breathing increases for oxygen and the heart increases
How is glycogen used during exercise?
Some glucose is stored as glycogen
Glycogen stored in the liver but each muscle also has it’s own store
During vigorous exercise muscles use glucose rapidly
So some glycogen is converted back to glucose to provide energy
What is anaerobic respiration?
Used if there’s not enough oxygen
It’s the incomplete break down of glucose, produces lactic acid
Lactic acid builds up in muscles which gets painful and stop working efficiently. But you go a bit longer
Glucose -> energy + lactic acid
What is anaerobic respiration and oxygen debt?
After anaerobic respiration after you stop exercising you have an oxygen debt
You have to repay the oxygen you didn’t get to your muscles on time
To get oxygen to muscles to remove lactic acid into CO2 and water
Why are enzymes used in biological detergents?
Enzymes break down animal and plant matter, so ideal for moving food & blood stains
Work at low temperatures
How are enzymes used to change food?
Proteins in some baby foods are pre-digested so it’s easy for a baby to digest
Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes can turn starch syrup into sugar syrup
Glucose syrup turned into fructose syrup ( which is a sweetener )
What are the advantages of using enzymes in industry?
Specific, only catalyse the reaction you want
Use lower temperatures so lower cost
Work for a long time so after buying them they can be reused
The are biodegradable less environmental pollution
What are the disadvantages of using enzymes in industry?
People can develop allergies to enzymes
Can be denatured by a small increase in temperature and changes in ph
Tightly controlled conditions needed
Expensive
What is DNA?
DNA stands for deoxyribonuclic acid
Contains instructions to put an organism together and make it work
Found in nucleus of animal and plant cells in long molecules called chromosomes
What are gene codes and how are they used for specific proteins?
Gene is a section of DNA
Contains instructions to make specific protein
Cells make proteins by stringing amino acids together in a order
Only 20 amino acids used to make thousands of different proteins
Genes tell cells the order
How does unique DNA work?
Everyone’s DNA is unique excluding clones and identical twins
DNA fingerprinting is a way of cutting up a persons DNA so you can tell people apart by comparing samples
When is DNA fingerprinting used ?
1) forensic science - taking from a crime scene
2) paternity testing - see if the man is the farther of a child
