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Biology 2 er > B2b > Flashcards

B2b Flashcards

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1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts produced by living things

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2
Q

What could increasing the temperature do in some reactions?

A

Speed up unwanted reactions, not just the useful ones

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3
Q

What’s a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction

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4
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Chains of amino acids

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5
Q

What does a substance have to do for an enzyme to work?

A

Fit the special shape

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6
Q

Enzymes need the right what to work?

A

Temperature and pH

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7
Q

In humans, what’s the temperature that enzymes work at?

A

Around 37 degrees

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8
Q

What pH do most enzymes work at?

A

pH 7

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9
Q

What enzyme works at pH 2?

A

Pepsin, an enzyme in the stomach

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10
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Break down big molecules into smaller ones

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11
Q

What does amylase do and where is it found?

A

Breaks down starch into sugars, found in salivary glands, the pancreas and small intestine

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12
Q

What does protease do and where is it found?

A

Breaks down proteins to amino acids, found in the stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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13
Q

What does lipase do and where is it found?

A

Breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids, found in the pancreas and small intestine

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14
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises tthe stomach acid and emulsifies fats

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15
Q

Give the name of each different place in the digestive system and how it’s catalysed by each enzyme

A

Salivary glands make amylase
Liver: Bile is produced here, it neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
Stomach: Pummels food with walls, produces pepsin (protease enzymes) and produces HCl
Gall bladder: Where bile is stored
Pancreas: produces protease, amylase and lipase
Small intestine: Produces protease, amylase and lipase also. Digested food is absorbed into the blood here
Large intestine: Where excess water is absorbed from the food

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16
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of releasing energy from glucose which goes on in every cell

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17
Q

What’s the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

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18
Q

What is the energy released in respiration used for?

A
  • Build up larger molecules from smaller ones (proteins/amino acids)
  • In animals- allows muscles to contract
  • In mammals and birds - energy is used to maintain body temperature
  • In plants- used to build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients which are built up into proteins
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19
Q

When you exercise what do your muscles need?

A

More glucose and oxygen to work

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20
Q

What needs to be removed from the muscles during exercise?

A

Carbon dioxide

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21
Q

How does your body react to exercise to remove CO2 and provide oxygen and glucose?

A
  • Breathing rate increases: meets the demand for extra oxygen
  • Heart rate increases: blood pumps quicker to get oxygen and glucose to working muscles
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22
Q

How is glycogen used in exercise?

A

When muscles use up glucose rapidly, some stored glycogen is converted into glucose to provide energy

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23
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The incomplete break down of glucose which produces lactic acid- ‘without oxygen’

24
Q

What’s the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose → Energy + lactic acid

25
Q

Why isn’t anaerobic respiration the best way to convert glucose into energy?

A

Lactic acid builds up which becomes painful

26
Q

What’s the disadvantage of anaerobic respiration?

A

It doesn’t release enough energy

27
Q

What’s the advantage of anaerobic respiration?

A

You can keep using your muscles for longer

28
Q

What does anaerobic respiration lead to?

A

Oxygen debt

29
Q

What’s oxygen debt?

A

When you have to repay the oxygen that didn’t get to your muscles in time

30
Q

How does your body react to oxygen debt?

A

You breathe heavily to get oxygen to the blood

31
Q

What household items are enzymes used in?

A
  • Biological detergents

- Baby foods

32
Q

What are the advantages of using enzymes in the industry?

A
  • They’re specific- they catalyse 1 reaction
  • Using lower temp&pressure = lower cost
  • Enzymes work for a long time so can be continually used
  • They’re biodegradable- less environmental pollution
33
Q

What are the disadvantages of using enzymes in the industry?

A
  • Some people can develop allergies to them
  • Enzymes can be denatured by a small increase in temperature
  • They are susceptible to poisons
  • Contamination of the enzyme can affect the reaction
34
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

35
Q

Where’s DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of animal and plant cells in long molecules called chromosomes

36
Q

What is a gene and what does it contain?

A

A section of DNA, it contains instructions to make a specific protein

37
Q

How do cells make proteins?

A

By putting together a chain of amino acids

38
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting a way of?

A

Cutting up a person’s DNA into small sections and seperating them

39
Q

What’s DNA fingerprinting used in?

A

Forensic science: Can be taken from a crime scene and compared with a suspect
Paternity tests: to see if a man is the father of a particular child

40
Q

What would be the advantages of having a genetic database?

A

Criminals can be caught

41
Q

What would be the disadvantages of having a genetic database?

A

Invasion of privacy
Data might not be safe
False positives can occur if errors are made in the procedure

42
Q

What does mitosis make?

A

New cells for growth and repair

43
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When cells divide to make 2 cells, identical to the original cell- with the same number of chromosomes

44
Q

What’s meiosis?

A

Cell division that’s used to produce male and female gametes

45
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Cells with half the number of normal chromosomes

46
Q

What type of reproduction uses mitosis?

A

Asexual

47
Q

What type of reproduction uses meiosis?

A

Sexual

48
Q

After two gametes join at fertilisation, the cell grows by repeatedly dividing by?

A

Mitosis

49
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can turn into any type of cell- undifferentiated

50
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In early embryos, bone marrow and the umbilical chord

51
Q

How are stem cells used in medicine?

A
  • To cure blood diseases- bone marrow transplant
  • To replace faulty cells- embryonic stem cells
  • Heart muscle cells
  • Insulin producing cells- people who are paralysed
  • To get cultures of one specific type of cell
52
Q

Why are people against using stem cells?

A
  • People feel that human embryos shouldn’t be used- potential life
  • Some think scientists should develop new resources to get stem cells from
53
Q

Why are people for using stem cells?

A
  • Some people think curing people that exist is more important than the rights of embryos
  • Embryos used are often unwanted and destroyed- good to use them
54
Q

How many pairs of matched chromosomes are there?

A

22

55
Q

What are the 23rd pair of chromosomes and what do they determine?

A

Either XX or XY - determine your gender

56
Q

Which pair of chromosomes belong to which gender (XX/XY)?

A 
XX = female 
XY = male
57
Q

What happens to the chromosomes when sperm is made?

A

The X and Y chromosomes are drawn apart- there’s a 50% chance each sperm cell gets an X-chromosome and a 50% chance it gets a Y-chromosome

Biology 2 er (2 decks)

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