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Biology 2 er > B2a > Flashcards

B2a Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the features of an animal cell?

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes

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2
Q

What are the features of a plant cell?

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall

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3
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

Reactions for respiration take place

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4
Q

What happens in the ribosomes?

A

Proteins are made

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5
Q

What happens in the chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis occurs- contain chlorophyll

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6
Q

What happens in the cytoplasm?

A

A gel substance where most of the chemical reactions happen and it contains enzymes

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7
Q

What are the features of a yeast cell?

A

Nucleus (with DNA), cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall

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8
Q

What are the features of a bacteria cell?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, genetic material

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9
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The gradual movement and spreading out of particles from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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10
Q

Where does diffusion happen?

A

Diffusion happens in solutions and gases where the parcticles are free to move

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11
Q

How do gases diffuse?

A

Gases difffuse through eachother. eg. perfume particles in a room

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12
Q

What effects the rate of diffusion?

A

If the difference is concentration is greater

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13
Q

How do dissolved substances move in and out of cells?

A

They diffuse through the cell membrane

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14
Q

What are the 4 small molecules that can diffuse through a cell membrane?

A

Oxygen, glucose, amino acids and water

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15
Q

Give 2 examples of molecules that can’t diffuse through a cell membrane?

A

Protein and starch

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16
Q

What is a specialised cell? Give 4 examples of specialised cells?

A

A cell that’s adapted to do a specific function. Palisade leaf cells, guard cells, red blood cells, sperm/egg cells

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17
Q

How are palisade leaf cells adapted to do their job?

A

Top of the cell is packed with chloroplasts- they’re nearer the light
Their tall shap means a lot of surface area is exposed to absorb CO2
Their thin shape means that a high number of them can be packed into the top of a leaf

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18
Q

How are guard cells adapted to do their job?

A

They are a special kidney shape that opens and closes the stomata
When the plant has too much water, the cells go turgid which makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged
When the plant loses water, the cells become flacid which makes the stomata close- this stops water escaping
They’re sensitive to light - at night they close
Thin outer walls and thickened inner walls help with the opening and closing

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19
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to do their job?

A

Concave shape- bigger surface area to absorb oxygen, helps them pass smoothly through capillaries
They’re packed with haemoglobin- a pigment that absorbs oxygen
They have no nucleus which means there’s even more room for haemoglobin

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20
Q

How is a sperm adapted to do its job?

A

Long tail to help it swim
It’s streamlined which also helps it swim
There is a lot of mitochondria in the cell that provide energy for it to swim
It carries enzymes in the head to digest through the egg cell membrane

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21
Q

How are egg cells adapted to do their jobs?

A

Contains huge food reserves to feed the embryo
Once a sperm fuses with an egg, the egg cell membrane immediately changes its struucture to stop any other sperm cells getting in

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22
Q

What’s the name of the process by which cells become specialised for a particular job?

A

Differentiation

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23
Q

When does differentiation occur?

A

During the development of a multicellular organism

24
Q

What are similar cells organised into?

A

Tissues

25
Q

What is a tissue?

A

It’s a group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function

26
Q

Name 3 tissues and what they do

A

Muscular tissue: which contracts to move whatever it’s attatched to
Glandular tissue: makes & secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
Epithelial tissue: covers some parts of the body (e.g the inside of the gut)

27
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

28
Q

What tissues does the stomach contain and what do they do?

A

Muscular: moves the stomach wall to churn up the food
Glandular: makes digestive juices to digest food
Epithelial: cover the outsiide & inside of the stomach

29
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together

30
Q

Describe what each of the organs in the digestive system do

A

Pancreas and salivary glands produce digestive juices
Stomach and small intestine digest food
Liver produces bile
Small intestine absorbs insoluble food molecules
Large intestine absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces

31
Q

What are the different plant organs?

A

Stem, roots, leaves

32
Q

What are the different plant tissues?

A 
Mesophyll tissue (photosynthesis occurs)
Xylem&Phloem (water and mineral ions transported)
Epidermal tissue (covers whole plant)
33
Q

Whats the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water → Glucose + oxygen

34
Q

What do the chloroplasts do?

A

They contain chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight and uses it’s energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Oxygen is produced as a by product.

35
Q

What is the rate of photosynthesis affected by?

A

Light, temperature or CO2 levels

36
Q

What does it mean when something is a limiting factor?

A

It stops photosynthesis from happening any faster

37
Q

What experiment is used to work out the perfect conditions needed for photosynthesis?

A

Pondweed

38
Q

What is the most commonly used way to artificially create the iideal conditions for photosynthesis?

A

Using a greenhouse

39
Q

Why do greenhouses provide the best conditions for photosynthesis?

A

They can trap the suns heat, maing sure temperature doesn’t become limiting
Heaters, shades and ventilators can be installed to maintain temperature
Paraffin heaters can also be used to increase CO2 levels as they make CO2 as a by product
Greenhouses prevent plants from being attacked by pests and diseases
Artificial lights can be fitted for night time

40
Q

What are the 5 ways plants use glucose?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Making Cell Walls
  3. Making Proteins
  4. Stored in seeds
  5. Stored as starch
41
Q

What does the energy released through respiration do?

A

It can be used to convert the remaining glucose into useful substances, which they can use to build new cells

42
Q

What is glucose converted into to build strong cell walls?

A

Cellulose

43
Q

What is glucose combined with to make amino acids?

A

Nitrate ions (absorbed from the soil)

44
Q

What is glucose turned into for storing in seeds?

A

Lipids (fats and oils)

45
Q

Where is starch stored? When is it used?

A

In roots, stems and leaves, in the winter when photosynthesis isn’t happening

46
Q

What’s a habitat?

A

The place where an organism lives

47
Q

The distribution of an organism =

A

where an organism is found

48
Q

What environmental factors affect where an organism is found?

A

Temperature, availability of water, availability of oxygen and CO2, availability of nutrients and the amount of light

49
Q

What are the 2 ways you can study the distribution of an organism?

A
  1. You can measure how common an organism is in two sample areas and compare them
  2. You can study how the distribution of an organism changes across an area
50
Q

What is a quadrat?

A

A square frame enclosing a known area

51
Q

How do you work out population size?

A

Mean number of organisms x the total area of the habitat (both in metres squared)

52
Q

What do transects show?

A

How organisms are distributed along a line

53
Q

What can transects be used to see?

A

If an organism is more or less common as you move towards or away from something

54
Q

How can you make sure your environmental data is more reliable?

A

By taking a large sample size or using random samples

55
Q

How can you make sure your environmental data is more valid?

A

They must be reliable and all variables must be controlled. If other variables are controlled then you can see any clear differences.

Biology 2 er (2 decks)

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