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B2a Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells: the nucleus

A

The nucleus contains genetic material/DNA, and controls the activities of the cell.
Animal cell: yes
Plant cell: yes

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2
Q

Cells: cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that fills the bulk of the cell, it is where most of the chemical reactions happen.
It contains enzymes that control the chemical reactions.
Animal cell: yes
Plant cell: yes

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3
Q

Cells: cell membrane

A

Cell membrane holds the cell together, and controls what goes in, and out.
Animal cell: yes
Plant cell: yes

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4
Q

Cells: mitochondria

A

Most of the reactions for respiration take place in the mitochondria. Respiration releases energy that the cells need to work.
Animal cell: yes
Plant cell: yes

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5
Q

Cells: ribosomes

A

This is where proteins are made in the cell (protein synthesis). Amino acids assemble in a particular order that is determined by the genetic code.
Animal cell: yes
Plant cell: yes

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6
Q

Cells: rigid cell wall

A

The cell wall is ame of cellulose. It strengthens, and supports the cell.
Animal cell: no
Plant cell: yes

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7
Q

Cells: permenant vacuole

A

Contains a cell sap (a weak solution of sugar, and salts)
Animal cell: no
Plant cell: yes

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8
Q

Cells: chloroplasts

A

Chloroplasts contain a gree substance called chlorophyll. These are where photosynthesis occurs, this makes food for the plant.
Animal cell: no
Plant cell: yes

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9
Q

What do animal cells contain?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, and cell membrane.

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10
Q

What do plant cells contain?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, permenant vacuole, and chloroplasts.

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11
Q

Specialised cell

A

A cell with a particular function that has adapted for that function e.g. Palisade leaf cell

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12
Q

Palisade leaf cell

A 
For photosynthesis (lots of chloroplasts). 
Most of its chloroplasts are at the top of the cell as that is closer to the light.

Tall shape = large surface area for absorbing CO2

Thin shape = more chloroplasts at top of leaf so more light is taken in.

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13
Q

Guard cells

A

Guard cells open, and close the stomata in a leaf.
Thin outer walls, and thick iner walla make the opening, and closing work.

Plant has lots of water -> guard cells fill -> plump -> stomata open -> gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis.

Guard cells are sensitive to light, and close at night to save water (as you need light for photosynthesis).

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14
Q

Red blood cells

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen.
They have a concave shape, and therefore a large surface area for absorbing lots of oxygen.

They have haemoglobin to absorb the oxygen.
They don’t have a nucleus so that there is more room for haemoglobin.

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15
Q

Sperm cell

A

Sperm cells are made to fuse with the egg.
They have a long tail, and a streamlined head to make it easier to swim to the egg.

They have lots of mitochondria so they have lots of energy for swimming.
They carry enzymes in their heads to digest through the egg cell membrane.

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16
Q

Muscle cell

A

Muscle cells help the body to move.
They are attatched to bones.

They have lots of mitochondria.
Muscle cells can shorten, and lengthen so that the muscles can contract, and relax.

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17
Q

Nerve cell

A

Nerve cell send messages around the nervous system.

They are very long, and reach all over your body.

They are protected by fat so that their messages don’t get lost.

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

The random spreading of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached (there in no net movement).

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19
Q

When things diffuse in, and out of a cell, what do they have to go through?

A

The cell membrane.

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20
Q

Three factors that affect the rate of diffusion:

A

1) Temperature: more kinetic energy = quicker diffusion
2) Steepness of concentration gradient
3) Surface area

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21
Q

Diffusion: the lungs

A

The lungs have a large surface area, this means that more can diffuse across it at any given time.

Also, the lungs have thin walls so there is a smaller distance to diffuse across, and therefore a quicker diffusion rate.

The lungs have a moist surface. This means that oxygen can dissolve, and diffuse into the blood cells.

The lungs have a network of capilleries. The continual removal of oxygen speeds diffusion as a steep gradient is maintained.

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22
Q

Diffusion: the small intestine

A

The small intestine has folded villi. This gives it a large surface area to maximise the diffusion rate (and therefore absorb more nutrients).

The small intestine is thin. This means there is a smaller distance to diffuse across, and therefore the diffusion rate is quicker.

They have a network of capilleries. The constant removal maintains a steep diffusion gradient, and therefore speeds up diffusion.

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23
Q

Villi

A

Folds within the wall of the small intestine.

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24
Q

Tissue

A

A group of specialised cells doing the same job e.g. muscular, glandular, epithelial, nervous

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25
Q

Organ

A

A collection of different tissues working together e.g. stomach

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26
Q

Tissues, and their functions

A

Tissue type: Function:
• Muscular Contracts to bring about movement.
• Glandular Can produce substances (enzymes & hormones)
• Epithelial Covers parts of the body.

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27
Q

The roles of tissues in the stomach

A

Tissue type: Role:
Muscular Contracts to ‘blend’ food.
Glandular Secrete enzymes.
Epethelial Inner: lines stomach. Outer: covers stomach

28
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs working toegther to achieve a function e.g. nervous system, digestive system

29
Q

Organ system: digestive system

A

Function: to process food, absorb the nutrients from it, and release it as faeces e.g. tongue, intestines

30
Q

Organ system: respiratory system

A

Function: to take in oxygen, and remove CO2 e.g. trachea, diaphram

31
Q

Organ system: nervous system

A

Function: to respond to the envrionment e.g. spinal cord, nerves

32
Q

Organ system: excretory system

A

Function: to clean your blood, and control the H20, and salt balance e.g. kidney, bladder

33
Q

Organ system: circulatory system

A

Function: to get oxygen to your organs, and to transport bloos around the body e.g. heart, blood vessels

34
Q

Organ system: muscular, skeletal system

A

Function: to allow movement e.g. bones, muscles

35
Q

Organ system: reproductive system

A

Function: to create life e.g. uterus, fallopian tube

36
Q

Xylem, and phloem

A

Plants have xylem, and phloem tissue.
Xylem: transport water, and ions.
Phloem: transport glucose

37
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The difference in concentrations of a substance between two areas.

38
Q

How do particle diffuse?

A

By moving in random directions, bumping into each other, and water particles.

39
Q

What do plants need for photosynthesis, and where do they get them from?

A

What they need: Source:
Energy The sun (chlorophyll)
Water Roots (xylem)
CO2 Stomata, and guard cells

40
Q

The photosynthesis equation

A

Carbon dioxide + Water (+light energy) -> Glucose + Oxygen

  • The glucose is used to make proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. This is added to the plant’s biomass, which is passed along the food chain.
  • Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, and uses its energy to convert Co2, and water into glucose (and a by-product of oxygen)
  • Chloroplasts are in palisade cells, which are found in the upper leaf.
41
Q

The structure of a leaf

A

Part: Function:
• Waxy layer Minimises water loss
• Epidermis Cover plant
• Palisade cells Photosynthesis
• Mesophyll cells Photosynthesis
• Stoma Gap to let gases in
• Guard cells Opens, and closes stomata
• Xylem Water transporter
• Phloem Nutrients trasporter (glucose)

42
Q

Limiting factor

A

The reduction of a resource a plant relies on (e.g. less light). This could limit its rate of photosynthesis.

43
Q

What are the three limiting factors for plants?

A

• Light intensity:
As light intenstity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases to a certain point. It becomes steady as something else is limiting the rate of photosynthesis.

• CO2 concentration:
As the CO2 concentration increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point. It becomes steady as something else is limting the rate of photosynthesis.

• Temperature:
As the temp increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases up to a certain point, then decreases. This is because it is too hot for the enzymes that control phoyosynthesis, and they are damaged.

44
Q

How does photosynthesis use glucose?

A
  • As an insoluble starch store for winter.
  • For respriation.
  • For making proteins (also needs nitrate ions from the soil).
  • For growth.
  • For making cell walls (Glucose is converted into cellulose), especially in rapidly growing plants.
45
Q

How do you test a leaf for starch?

A

Add iodine.
Turns black/blue = starch present

Method:
• Put leaf in beaker of hot water for 1 minute to break down the waxy cuticle.
• Cover leaf with ethanol to extract chlorophyll.
• Rinse off.
• Put leaf on a tile, and add iodine. If it turns blue/black, starch is present.

46
Q

Varigated leaves

A

Leaves that are lacking in chlorophyll (so can’t photosynthesise). You can see this if they are white on the outside, as there is no chlorophyll (green) there which is necessary for photosynthesis.

47
Q

How can you tell if a plant is magnesium deficient?

A

It is yellow, and magnesium is used to make chlorophyll (green).

48
Q

Why are nitrates important in a plant?

A
  • Glucose is combined with nitrates to make amino acids.
  • Amino acids then make proteins.
  • Protein can be used for growth.
49
Q

How can you tell if a plant is potassium deficient?

A

Its leaves are spotty.

50
Q

Polytunnel

A

Big, long greenhouse.

51
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules (like diffusion for water).

52
Q

Respiration

A

The release of energy from glucose, and the production of CO2, and water. This happens in every cell.

53
Q

Breathing

A

The action of moving air in, and out of the lungs.

54
Q

Methods of supplying CO2 in a greenhouse

A

• Propane burners:
+ives: Provides CO2, heats greenhouse as well.
-ives: Emits greenhouse gases, expensive to buy, and to run.

• Flue gases:
+ives: Generates electricity to heat water in storage for cold weather.
-ives: Expensive set up cost, natural gas used.

• Liquid CO2:
+ives: Equipment last a long time, distrubuted to each plant, doesn’t burn fossil fuels.
-ives: Equipment rented (and at an expensive price), expensive running cost.

55
Q

Habitat

A

The area in which organisms live, and on which they depend to live.

56
Q

Community

A

The groups organisms form in a habitat, and depend on by co-associating with others.

57
Q

What are the 5 physical factors that affect living organisms?

A

1) CO2 (plants) / Oxygen, and food (animals)
2) Water (liquid form)
3) Nutrients e.g. nitrates
4) Warmth
5) Light

58
Q

How do carniverous plants survive in areas without lots of nitrates?

A
  • They capture, and digest animals. The plant dissolves the animal (e.g. fly, ant), and takes the proteins that the animal has for growth.
  • Nitrates can be taken from the protein, and the plant can use them.
59
Q

Physical factors, and the effect they have on an organism

A

• Temperature:
In low temps, metabolism slows down. This means that animals can’t keep warm. Measured using a thermometer, or temperature probe.

• Nutrients:
Plants, and microorganisms need ions to produce necessary chemicals so without nutrients, they don’t grow well. Measured using chemical analysis.

• Amount of light:
Plants need light for photosynthesis so non-specialised plants can grow in shade. Measured using a light meter, or light sensor.

• Availability of water:
Most living organisms need a high proportion of water, Measured using a moisture meter.

• Avaiability of oxygen in water/soil:
Essential for aerobic respiration, only specialised organisms can live without it. Measure using an oxygen electrode.

• Availability of CO2:
Essential for photosynthesis, and can be a limiting factor. Measured using gas analysis.

60
Q

How do limiting factors for photosynthesis affect the distribution of animals?

A

All three factors affect plant growth. Plants are a source of food that some animals rely on.
• Light:
Non specialised animals can’t see.
Animals migrate to where there are better quality, and more plants.

• CO2:
Animals forced to migrate if plants don’t grow enough.
Some animals are attracted to CO2 e.g. mosquitoes

• Temperature:
Animals that can’t keep warm will migrate, or die.
It could force animals to adapt long term.
Water freezes- can’t survive.

61
Q

Qualitive data

A

Words e.g. lots of daisies

62
Q

Quantative data

A

Numbers e.g. 174 dasies

63
Q

Reliable

A

Getting accurate results by doing it multiple times.

64
Q

Valid

A

Getting non-biased results by random sampling (random co-ordinates, or throwing quadrat)

65
Q

Quadrats

A

Square grid. You count the organisms in each small square, and take an average of all of them.
This can be difficult if soem creatures are mobile.

You make this non-biased by throwing the quadrat, or using random co-ordinates)

66
Q

Transect

A

(Fancy name for tape measurer). Layed out to investigate the change in the distribution of an organism using quadrats.
You place a quadrat at regular intervals along the line.

Measured in number of organisms, or % cover of the quadrat.

Repeat this. Perhaps a few meters to the side.

Biology (2 decks)

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