B2.5 Proteins Flashcards
What are proteins made up of?
Long chains of amino acids
What does a catalyst do?
Increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up
Proteins act as… (4 things)
- Hormones
- Anitbodies
- Catalysts
- Structural components of tissues such as muscles
What is a biological catalyst called and is it a protein?
- An enzyme
- Yes
What two factors can denature an enzyme?
- Temperature
- pH levels
Where are digestive enzymes produced and where do they go?
- Produced by specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the gut
- Pass out of the cells into gut where they come into contact with food molecules. They catalyse the breakdown
Where is protease produced and where does it work?
- It is produced in the STOMACH and the PANCREAS
- It works in the STOMACH and the SMALL INTESTINE
What do protease enzymes do?
They catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids
Where is amylase produced and where does it work?
- It is produced in the SALIVARY GLANDS and the PANCREAS
- It works in the MOUTH and in the SMALL INTESTINES
What do amylase enzymes do?
They catalyse the breakdown of starch to sugars
Where is lipase produced and where does it work?
- It is produced in the PANCREAS and the SMALL INTESTINE
- It works in the SMALL INTESTINE
What do lipase enzymes do?
They catalyse the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
What are lipids?
Fats and oils
What does the liver produce and where is it stored?
Bile which is stored in the gall bladder
Where is bile released into?
The small intestine
What does bile do and why?
Neutralises the acid that was added to the food in the stomach because the small intestine is alkaline
Give three ways that enzymes are used in industry
- Protease to pre-digest baby food
- Carbohydrase to convert starch into sugar syrup
- Isomerase to convert glucose to fructose (slimming)
Give one way that enzymes are used in the home and name the enzymes used
Biological detergents (protease and lipase)
Using enzymes in industry means that reactions can take place at normal temperatures and pressures.
Give two advantages of this.
- Uses less expensive equipment
- Uses less energy-demanding equipment
Give one advantage to using enzymes in the home
-Uses lower temperatures (which saves money)
What are two disadvantages to using enzymes in industry?
- Costly to produce
- Most are denatured at high temperatures
