B2.5 Flashcards
What are protein molecules made of
Long chains of amino acids
Why are the long chains of amino acids folded
To produce a specific shape that enables other molecules to fit into the protein
Proteins act as :
Structural components of tissues such as muscles
Hormones
Antibodies
Catalysts
Enzymes
What do catalysts do
Increase the rate of reaction
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts made of long chains of amino acids
What is vital for the enzymes function
The shape of the enzymes
What changes the shape of the enzyme
High temperatures
What do different enzymes work best at
Different ph values
Where do some enzymes work
Outside the body
What are the digestive enzymes produced by
Specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the gut
What do the digestive enzymes do (2)
The enzymes pass out of the specialised cells into the gut where they come into contact with food molecules
They catalyse the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones
What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates
Amylase or carbohydrase
Where is amylase produced
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine
What does amylase do
Catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars
Where does amylase work
Mouth and small intestine
Where is protease produced
Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine
What does protease do
Catalyses the breakdown of protein into amino acids
Where does protease work
Stomach and small intestine
Where is lipase produced
Pancreas
small intestine
What does lipase do
Break down of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Where does lipase work
Small intestine
What does the stomach produce
Hydrochloric acid
Why does the stomach produce HCl
Kill bacteria
Right ph for protease to work
Where is Bile produced
Liver
Where is bile stored
Gall bladder
Where is bile released
Small intestine
What does bile do
Neutalises acids
Emulsifies fat
Why does bile need to neutralise acid
Makes the digested content from the stomach alkaline. Perfect condition for enzymes in small intestine to work
Why does bile emulsify fats
Breaks down fat into tiny droplets
Bigger surface area
Faster breakdown using lipase enzyme
What do some microorganisms produce
Enzymes that pass out of the cell
What are enzymes u sed for in the home
Biological detergents
Biological detergents
Protein and fat digesting enzyme ( protease and lipase)
More effective at low temperatures
Can take out stains of food and blood
What are enzyme used for in industry
Baby food
Slimming foods
Sugar syrup
How are enzymes used in baby foods
Protease used to pre digest food so easier for baby to digest
How can enzymes be used for in sugar syrup
Carbohydrase can turn starch into sugar syrup
How can enzymes be used in slimming foods
Isomerase can turn glucose syrup into fructose syrup. Sweeter so use less of it
What are the advantages of enzymes in the industry
Reusable
Biodegradable so less environmental pollution
Lower temperature and pressures so less cost and save energy
Disadvantages of enzymes in industry
People maybe allergic e.g biological detergents
Expensive to make enzymes
Need tight conditions because small increase in ph or temperature the enzyme will denature
How does an enzyme work
Substrate molecule fits into enzyme active site
Lock and key
Substrate and enzyme bind
Reaction happens
Bonds broken
What are amino acids held by
Hydrogen bonds
What can enzymes do
Speed up reactions
Change one type of molecule into another
Build up long molecules from smaller ones
Break down long molecules
What happens if enzyme temperature is above optimum
Active site of enzyme changes shape permanently
Substrate molecule no longer fits
What happens if the ph of enzyme is too high
It denatures
What us optimum ph of enzyme
Neutral 7
Is enzyme ph optimum at 7
No because pepsin is at ph2 in the stomach.
Well suited for acidic conditions
Why do we need to break down proteins and starch
They cant fit through the cell membrane
