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Biology additional edexcel > B2.3 Common systems page 90 > Flashcards

B2.3 Common systems page 90 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are there gaps in fossil records?

A
  • fossils don’t always form
  • soft tissue decays
  • some fossils haven’t been found yet
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2
Q

What is the fossil record?

A

A collection of fossils from different periods of time that can be used to form a hypothesis about the history of life on Earth

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3
Q

What is a pentadactyl limb?

A

A five fingered limb structure

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4
Q

How does the pentadactyl limb provide evidence for evolution?

A

It suggests that all vertebrates evolved from one common ancestor because most vertebrates have a pentadactyl limb

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5
Q

What is growth?

A

An increase in size, length or mass

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6
Q

What are meristems?

A

Places just behind the tips of roots and shoots where plant cells keep dividing

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7
Q

How do plants get bigger?

A
  • cells in the meristem divide

- these then elongate

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8
Q

What is elongation in plant cells?

A

The lengthning of cells after division

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9
Q

What is differentiation in plants?

A

The specialisation of plant cells after elongation

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10
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can differentiate into a specialised cell

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11
Q

What is the difference between adult and embryonic stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into almost any kind of cell whereas adult stem cells have a more limited range

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12
Q

How much blood does the average adult contain?

A

5 litres

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13
Q

What is blood made up of?

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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14
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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15
Q

What percentage of the blood are white blood cells and platelets?

A

<1%

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16
Q

What percentage of the blood are red blood cells?

A

45%

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17
Q

What colour is plasma?

A

Yellow

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18
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Transport dissolved substances like carbon dioxide, food substances and hormones

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19
Q

What pigment causes red blood cells to be red?

A

Haemoglobin

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20
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport oxygen to cells in the form of oxyhaemoglobin

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21
Q

What is formed when oxygen combines with haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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22
Q

What type of reaction is the combining of oxygen and haemoglobin?

A

A reversible reaction

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23
Q

When does oxygen combine with haemoglobin?

A

When the blood passes through the lungs

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24
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

A

A biconcave disc

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25
Q

Why does a red blood cell’s biconcave shape make oxygen absorbption more efficient?

A

It gives a larger surface area to volume ratio

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26
Q

Why does a red blood cell’s lack of nucleus increase the amount of oxygen it can carry?

A

It makes more room to carry as much haemoglobin as possible

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27
Q

Do white blood cells or red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

White blood cells

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28
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Defend the body against disease

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29
Q

How do white blood cells destroy pathogens and foreign cells?

A
  • they produce antibodies that match the antigens of the pathogen and bind to them
  • they surround the foreign cells
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30
Q

Why don’t platelets have a nucleus?

A

Because they are fragments of cells

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31
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Make the blood clot

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32
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of the same types of specialised cells

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33
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of several different tissues working together to carry out a particular function within the body

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34
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to carry out a particular function

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35
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood low in oxygen

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36
Q

What is oxygenated blood?

A

Blood high in oxygen

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37
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Transport blood away from the heart

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38
Q

What do veins do?

A

Transport blood to the heart

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39
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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40
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Bring deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs

41
Q

What do valves do?

A

Make sure the blood in the heart goes in the right direction

42
Q

What do tendons in the heart do?

A

Stop valves from turning inside out

43
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

Bring blood from the upper body to the right atrium

44
Q

Which side of the heart is bigger?

A

The left

45
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

Bring blood from the lower body to the right atrium

46
Q

What seperates the two different sides of the heart?

A

The septum

47
Q

What happens when the right atrium is full?

A

Muscles in the wall contract to force blood through the valves into the right ventricle

48
Q

What happens when the right ventricle is full?

A

The muscles of the ventricle wall contract to force blood through the valves into the pulmonary artery

49
Q

What happens to deoxygenated blood when it reaches the lungs?

A

It becomes oxygenated because it picks up oxygen

50
Q

What atrium does the pulmonary vein go to?

A

The left atrium

51
Q

What happens when the left atrium is full?

A

It contracts to force blood through the valves into the left ventricle

52
Q

What happens when the left ventricle is full?

A

It forces the blood through a valve into the aorta

53
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Carry blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

54
Q

What type of blood is found in the left side of the heart?

A

Oxygenated blood

55
Q

What type of blood is found in the right side of the heart?

A

Deoxygenated blood

56
Q

Why is the muscle wall on the left side of the heart thicker than the right side?

A

It has to pump blood all around the body instead of just around the lungs so it takes more energy

57
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
58
Q

Why do arteries have strong, thick walls?

A

The blood has to be under high pressure to reach all parts of the body

59
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Allow substances to diffuse into and out of the blood from tissues and cells

60
Q

What type of blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

A

Capillaries

61
Q

Why do veins have a large space for blood to flow?

A

Because the blood flows slowly and at low pressure

62
Q

What makes up the circulatory system?

A

The heart and blood vessels

63
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of breaking down the large insoluble molecules in food into smaller soluble ones

64
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A ball of chewed food

65
Q

Why does the mouth chew food to break it up into small pieces?

A

To increase the surface area for digestive enzymes to work on

66
Q

What does saliva do in the digestive system?

A
  • lubricate the bolus to make it easier to swallow

- start to break down the starch in food because of the amylase found in it

67
Q

What is the digestive system made up of?

A
  • mouth
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • pancreas
  • anus
  • liver
  • gallbladder
68
Q

What process pushes food down the alimentary canal?

A

Peristalsis

69
Q

What happens to the bolus once it reaches the stomach?

A

It turns into a thick paste when it’s churned up with stomach acid and enzymes by peristalsis

70
Q

What absorbs digested food into the blood in the small intestine?

A

Villi

71
Q

What organ does most digestion happen in?

A

The small intestine

72
Q

What does the pancreas do in the digestive system?

A

Produce enzymes which are released in the first part of the small intestine

73
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Water diffuses back into the blood

74
Q

Where does digested food go once it is absorbed into the blood?

A

The liver

75
Q

What does the liver do when it gets digested food molecules?

A

It breaks them down even more or builds them up into larger molecules

76
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Bile

77
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

Store bile to be released when the small intestine needs it

78
Q

What are the three main types of food molecules?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • fats
79
Q

What are the simplest forms of carbohydrate called?

A

Sugars

80
Q

What enzymes break down carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrases

81
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Break down starch into sugars

82
Q

Where is amylase found?

A
  • in the saliva

- in the small intestine

83
Q

What produces amylase?

A

The pancreas

84
Q

What enzymes digest proteins?

A

Proteases

85
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids

86
Q

Where is pepsin produced?

A

The stomach

87
Q

What type of enzyme is pepsin?

A

A protease

88
Q

What pH is stomach acid?

A

pH 2-3

89
Q

What pH do proteases released in the small intestine work best at?

A

pH 8

90
Q

What pH do proteases released in the stomach work best at?

A

pH 2-3

91
Q

What type of enzymes digest fats?

A

Lipases

92
Q

What do lipases break down fat into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

93
Q

What does bile do to fat?

A

Emulsify it

94
Q

Why does bile emulsify large globules of fat?

A

To increase the surface area to volume ratio so that it’s digested more quickly

95
Q

Is bile acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline

96
Q

Why is bile alkaline?

A

It helps neutralise the acid from the stomach so that the protease enzymes work better

97
Q

What happens to large globules of fat when bile emulsifies them?

A

They are broken down into tiny droplets

98
Q

Why do villi increase the amount of digested food that can diffuse into the blood?

A

They increase the surface area of the small intestine

Biology additional edexcel (3 decks)

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