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Biology additional edexcel > B2.2 Organisms and energy > Flashcards

B2.2 Organisms and energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water ( + energy)

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2
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose → lactic acid ( + energy)

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3
Q

What is respiration?

A

A series of reactions in all living cells where glucose is broken down to produce energy

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4
Q

What happens to the energy requirements of cells when they become more active?

A

It increases

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5
Q

What happens to the number of particles as you go down a concentration gradient?

A

It decreases

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6
Q

What process do capillaries use to move substances from the blood into and out of cells?

A

Diffusion

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7
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Tiny blood vessels with thin walls that allow the diffusion of substances into and out of the blood

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8
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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9
Q

What happens to levels of glucose and oxygen as cells respire?

A

They decrease

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10
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs found in lung tissue

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11
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The exchange of one gas into the bloodstream for another

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12
Q

How thick are the cell walls of a capillary?

A

One cell wide

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13
Q

How thick is the cell wall of an alveolus?

A

One cell wide

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14
Q

What is a pulse?

A

A surge of blood in the arteries from a heart beat

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15
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart at each beat

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16
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood circulated by the heart in a given time

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17
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The amount of beats the heart makes

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18
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

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19
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that doesn’t require oxygen

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20
Q

What does broken down lactic acid produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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21
Q

What substance does lactic acid need to use in order to break down?

A

Oxygen

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22
Q

What does EPOC stand for?

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

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23
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Period of time after exercise where there is an increased need for oxygen for things such as lactic acid break down and cell repair

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24
Q

Why do people still have a high breathing and heart rate for a few minutes after exercise?

A

To get more oxygen for the oxygen debt (EPOC)

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25
What is recovery time?
The time taken for the pulse rate to return to normal after exercise
26
What is starch?
A carbohydrate in which thousands of glucose molecules are joined together
27
What is released when starch is broken down during digestion?
Glucose
28
What process do plants use to produce glucose?
Photosynthesis
29
What do plants store glucose as?
Starch
30
In what part of a plant does photosynthesis occur?
The chloroplasts
31
What substance absorbs light for photosynthesis in plants?
Chlorophyll
32
What adaptions do leaves have in order to increase the amount of light energy they absorb?
The leaves are broad and flat to increase surface area
33
When do stomata open?
In response to light
34
What are stomata?
Microscopic pores on the undersides of leaves
35
What do stomata do?
- allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the plant - allow some water produced from respiration to evaporate from the surface
36
How do the large air spaces in leaves make the cells more efficient at gas exchange?
It gives them a larger surface area to volume ratio
37
What affects the rate at which photosynthesis takes place?
- carbon dioxide levels - water - temperature - light levels
38
What is a limiting factor?
A single factor that when in short supply can limit the rate of a process
39
What is the maximum rate of a reaction controlled by?
The limiting factor
40
What do roots do?
- anchor the plant into the ground | - take up water and mineral salts from the soil
41
What is the name of the specialised cells that increase the surface area of a root?
Root hair cells
42
What form of transport does water entering root hair cells use?
Osmosis
43
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
44
What is active transport?
The absorption of particles against a concentration gradient
45
What type of cells do the veins of a plant contain?
Xylem and phloem cells
46
What do xylem cells do?
- transport water and dissolved mineral salts to tissues in the plant - give support to the plant
47
Are xylem or phloem cells dead?
Xylem
48
How are xylem cells specialised for their purpose?
They are long and die to form hollow tubes
49
What do phloem cells do?
Transport sucrose to different parts of a plant
50
Where is the main area where photosynthesis in a plant occurs?
The palisade layer
51
What is transpiration?
The evaporation of water vapour from the surface of a plant
52
What does a potometer do?
Measure the rate of water uptake by a plant
53
What is an organism's environment?
It's surroundings
54
What is biodiversity?
The variety of species present within a given area
55
What is an ecosystem?
An area where all the organisms form a stable relationship that doesn't need input from outside to help them remain stable
56
What is a habitat?
The place where an organism usually lives
57
What are the different sampling techniques used to find the distribution of organisms in an ecosystem?
- pooters - sweep nets/pond nets - pitfall traps - quadrats
58
How do you obtain a random sample of an area?
You divide the area into squares and then number them. A computer generates a random number and you use that square
59
What is sampling?
Looking at a small portion of an area or population
60
What is a pooter used to catch?
Small invertebrates
61
How are population sizes estimated?
A random sample is collected and then the values are scaled up to fit the whole area
62
What is systematic sampling?
Sampling where quadrats are placed along regular intervals on a line
63
What can affect the distribution of different species of plants?
- light intensity - soil - tempearture - water pH
64
What is the distribution of an organism?
The places in which it can be found in a certain area

Biology additional edexcel (3 decks)

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